sustainable development by reducing the energy use by EU:s directive of energy efficiency and the UN Convention. The second purpose is to present the technical solutions regarding ventilation and heating system that is being used in passive houses. This was done using 8 passive houses, 4 germany and 4 swedish passive houses. Even the international and Swedish system requirements for passive houses have been addressed in this project. The goal was also to explain how and why the mechanical system in passive houses has developed to the technology used today.

Background:Due to a more open climate in society for homosexual people several lesbian couples have given birth to children in their relations. Research has shown no differences between children in lesbian families and children in heterosexual families considering mental and social health. International research has also shown that lesbian parents often have bad experiences from meetings with healthcare providers.Theaim of this study was to describe lesbian child families/familyplannings and the lesbian parents experiences and expectations of the healthcare.Themethod for the study was qualitative interview with 9 lesbian parents. The data was analysed by the queer theory heteronormative concept.Theresults of the research was that lesbian families considered themselves as a nuclear family and at the same time distanced themselves from the nuclear family concept. The findings showed that lesbian couples are involved in a very long process when they try to become parents.

Vilket rättssystem har enligt folkrätten företräde vid konflikt mellan folkrätten från FN, Europakonventionen och gemen-skapsrätten, beträffande giltigheten av säkerhetsrådets resolutioner för bekämpande av den internationella terrorismen, i förhållande till mänskliga rättigheter?Säkerhetsrådets resolutioner har ändrat karaktär när det gäller att bekämpa världens terrorism. Genom så kallade intelligenta sanktioner är säkerhetsrådets mål nu att frysa egendom för enskilda individer och företag, utan att de drabbade har någon rätt till rättvis rättegång, efter att dessa svartlistats som knutna till terroristorganisationer. Svartlistningen sker på mer eller mindre godtyckliga grunder som inte finner stöd inom folkrättens regler om jus cogens och säkerhetsrådet har förklarat att i kampen mot terrorismen är det nu tillåtet att med alla medel slå tillbaka hot mot fred och säkerhet.Mänskliga rättigheter utvecklades inom FN och dess stadga tillkom före Europakonventionen och torde i princip ha företräde framför konventionen och Europadomstolens praxis, vid tillämpning av principen lex posterior derogat priori.Dock har det tillskapats ett rättssystem av nytt slag (sui generis) inom gemenskaps-rätten, med ett starkare skydd för mänskliga rättigheter; i synnerhet egendomsrätten och rätten till rättvis domstolsprövning. Vid tillämpning av principen lex specialis legi generali derogat, torde dessa regler ha företräde framför de generella reglerna från FN.EG-domstolens förstainstansrätt har i fallet Somaliasvenskarna (T-306/01) förklarat sig själv och unionen som bunden av FN:s stadga och säkerhetsrådets resolutioner och därmed åsidosatt egendomsskyddet och rätten till rättvis rättegång för unionsmedborgare.I fallet går rätten emot tidigare praxis från EG-domstolen, genom att förklara unionen som bunden av FN-stadgan och genom att tilldela EU-rådet en kompetens som inte står att utläsa i fördragen.En oroväckande fråga är vilka rättigheter som kommer att inskränkas framledes.

Antalet anmälda våldtäkter har ökat markant de senaste tio åren. År 2010 anmäldes 5960 våldtäkter mot kvinnor, män och barn jämfört med 2084 våldtäkter år 2001. När det gäller antalet anmälda våldtäkter år 2010 mot kvinnor 18 år eller äldre var siffran 3245, medan motsvarande siffra för män var 97. Kvinnan som våldtas blir kränkt och förödmjukad både sexuellt och personligt. Som andra människor i kris kan hon tappa meningen med sitt liv och fyllas av sorg och ångest.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how Swedish retail companies work with CSR internationally.The study also sought to explore the opportunities and challenges that exist, and the stakeholders that motivate companies CSR commitment.The theoretical framework is composed of international CSR guidelines of the OECD and the UN, Carroll's CSR pyramid and three-stage model and Freeman's stakeholder theory. Furthermore a qualitative research approach was applied where four in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from Axfood, Löfbergs Lila, Oriflame and CSR Sweden.Finally, the study demonstrated the conclusion that the companies CSR strategies are structured in a similar way regardless of the market. CSR attract and retain workers, create a good reputation for brands and results in working conditions, living standards and environmental improvements. Difficulties, however, are the complexity of being able to control each partner and manage differences in language, laws and culture between countries. Finally there are a number of stakeholders that motivate companies to work with CSR, of which shareholders are considered the most important..

Because of the increasing numbers of international tourist arrivals each year it is essential that tourist operators are aware of the impacts that tourism generate. Tourism affects the world in an environmental, social and economic way, positive but also in a negative way. To travel responsible and sustainable is therefore important, and operators have a responsibility in this subject.Because of this I wanted to look at how Swedish tourist operators manage responsible tourism, together with what amount of information their customers receive about this. To be able to study how operators work with this I conducted three interviews via email. The tourist operators were of different sizes and specializations to receive a more extensive result.

With the expansion onto the international market almost a decade ago, Swedish energy corporation Vattenfall began it's breaking and burning of coal on German soil. Criticism aimed at Vattenfall peaked in the mid 2000s with the revelation of large quantities of carbon dioxide emissions and the re-location of villages and graveyards in German states Brandenburg and Saxony. The purpose of this thesis is to show where the responsibility for these activities lie. By analyzing the history of, and the political debate surrounding, Vattenfall, I will show that the prevailing policies of right- as well as left-wing parties in the 20th century were all, regarding this matter, market oriented. I will also show that these market promoting policies made possible a situation where the transparancy of, and state control over, Vattenfall were close to eliminated.

In this thesis I will examine Willy Brandt's new Ostpolitik with the help of Robert Putnam's analytical framework of two-level games perspective and the theory of social constructivism. Firstly, I will briefly set out the development of Germany's history before it was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic in 1949. After that I present West Germany's foreign policy from 1949 to 1969 in order to show how Willy Brandt continued and broke with different foreign policy doctrines. Finally, I want to illustrate his new Ostpolitik and the international and domestic factors, which contributed to its realisation. The main question of this essay is: How significant were the changes of the West German society for the realisation of the new Ostpolitik from 1969 to 1973? One of the most important findings in this essay is that on the one hand that many West Germans had accepted that their country was divided and on the other hand that many groups in the society such as the significant newspaper Die Zeit and intellectuals supported the new Ostpolitik.

The purpose of this study was to examine the foreign news flow in Sweden´s largest news agency TT. Since TT has an important position as a news provider to most of Sweden´s local and national news outlets, it was important to examine exactly what their news stories consisted of.The theoretical background of this study consist of theories of news values, agenda setting, dependency theory and the theory about the ?news shadow? a lack of coverage leads to.In our quantitative study we have looked at 506 articles taken from the TT news flow during two weeks In November 2013. We have studied which continents and countries the news origins from, who have supplied the text, the topics of the news, which one gets to speak in the text and what general tone the story has.The study shows that the supply of news follows the criteria of news values. It also shows that in some regions of the world the coverage is almost nonexistent.

France is committed to its ambition to lift the European Union's arms embargo imposed on China after the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989. France is of today the only member state that is acting to lift the arms embargo, evoking questions of motives behind its behavior. The underlying assumption in this essay is that France's actions reflect a need to find new ways of adapting itself and surviving faced with the threats of its decreased international influence. By using three different perspectives ? realism, liberalism and constructivism ? this essay examines three possible models of analysis to explain France's behavior.An analysis of the discourse covering this essay´s topic between 1989-2007 provided the basis of the paper.

The purpose of the essay is to examine how issues concerning gender equality are perceived and to show what areas are defined as problematic in different discourses. It also raises the question of who is defined as responsible for dealing with issues concerning gender equality in these different contexts. Theories used are the gender system and intersectionality. The study builds on a mapping of a company that is active nationally and internationally, with emphasis on the problems that can arise when these two social contexts meet, with a special focus on cathegories such as gender and ?Swedishness?.

Vår C-uppsats har varit inriktad på att undersöka etableringen av Alnour International School i Luleå höstterminen 2007. Skolan kommer att vara en internationell skola där eleverna erbjuds undervisning i islamsk kultur, religion och arabiska språk. Syftet var att, ur både ett religiöst och samhällsperspektiv, undersöka hur Alnour beskriver behovet av en internationell friskola och dels vilka argument motståndarna ger mot Alnours etablering. Vi har studerat relevant litteratur, samt tagit del av Lpo 94 och skollagen. Som informationshämtande metod har vi använt oss av kvalitativ fallstudie i form av intervjuer med två personer som är kunniga inom området.

Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete.

This paper presents the creation of a strengthening visual profile for StretchFlex UF. The project consists of an external as well as an internal part. The external part is on the order of the company StretchFlex. The company is created under the education concept by the name of Ung Företagsverksamhet (Young Entrepreneurship) and has passed on to the Swedish Championships in Young Entrepreneurship at the Stockholm International Fairs. Of that we have been commissioned to develop an updated logotype for the company, for the current does not keep proper quality according to the client.

Efter Andra Världskriget och författandet samt ratificerandet av den traditionella folkrätten har huvuddelen av de väpnade sammandrabbningarna haft karaktären av icke-internationella konflikter med en asymmetrisk uppsättning aktörer. Samtidigt har den värst drabbade aktören kommit att vara civilbefolkningen.Syftet med denna uppsats är att problematisera skyddet av civilbefolkningen i den nya tidens konflikter.I uppsatsen genomförs en kvalitativ textanalys av Säkerhetsrådets resolutioner och missionsspecifika strategier för skydd av civila i de tre FN-missionerna UNMIS, UNAMID och MONUC. Resultatet av analysen problematiseras därefter utifrån van Crevelds non-trinitarian theory för att undersöka vilka problem det finns med att tillämpa det traditionella folkrättsliga skyddet av civila i nya tidens konflikter.Det sammanvägda resultatet av studien visar att det finns problem med att tillämpa det traditionella folkrättsliga skyddet av civila i nya tidens konflikter, och att ett av huvudproblemen är att skyddet endast tycks adresseras av världssamfundet..