This thesis is built on a field study that was carried out in two seed-tree stands near by Götbrunna in Uppland, Sweden. The aim was to examine if scarification carried out in spring time could generate a more dense seedling establishment when using natural generation, than scarification carried out in autumn. It was also investigated whether there were differences in mortality the first season between the two plot-types. Plots were established block-wise with 50 blocks (pairs) on each site. The spring scarification was made with a hoe during 22-23 of April.

Introduktion: Intensivvårdsjuksköterskan arbetar nära patienter i livets slutskede och etiskabeslut är vanligt förekommande. Sjuksköterskans nära relation till patient och närstående gerhenne/honom kunskap som kan underlätta för läkaren i det medicinska avgörandet i att avbrytaeller att avstå från livsuppehållande behandling. Beslutsprocessen är svår och upplagd i flera stegdär sjuksköterskan kan medverka i alla steg utom själva beslutet.Syfte: Undersöka vilken delaktighet sjuksköterskor på intensivvårdsavdelningar har i etiskabeslut i livets slutskede.Metod: Litteraturstudie som bygger på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar, sökta via databaserna CINAHLoch PubMed samt manuell sökning.Resultat: Läkaren har det lagliga ansvaret och sjuksköterskans delaktighet i beslutsprocessenskiljer sig åt i de olika länderna. Att inte få delta leder till en moralisk stress för sjuksköterskorna.Läkarna bjuder ofta inte in till diskussion. För att få en trygg vård är lagarbete och öppenhet förvarandras professioner viktiga.Diskussion: Det finns ett missnöje bland sjuksköterskorna att inte bli hörsammade och de flestaönskar ett ökat inflytande i beslutsprocessen.

Bakgrund: Sederade eller medvetslösa patienter kan inte verbalt kommunicera sin smärta. Smärta är svårt för sjukvårdspersonalen att bedöma om beteendebaserade smärtskattningsinstrument inte är implementerade. Forskning har visat att neurokirurgiska intensivvårdspatienter upplevt moderat till svår smärta under vårdtiden på intensivvårdsavdelningen och denna smärta har underbehandlats. Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) är ett smärtskattningsinstrument som nyligen validerats i Sverige för att kunna användas inom intensivvården på icke kommunikativa vuxna patienter, dock har neurokirurgiska intensivvårdspatienter exkluderats vid valideringen.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka intensivvårdssjuksköterskans uppfattning om CPOTs användbarhet inom neurokirurgisk intensivvård.Metod: Mixed-method enkätstudie. En implementering av ett beteendebaserat smärtskattningsinstrument.Resultat: Elva sjuksköterskor inom neurokirurgisk intensivvård deltog.

Bakgrund: Intensivvården är en högteknologisk miljö där svårt sjuka patienter vårdas. Anhörigas betydelse för kritiskt sjuka patienter är stor och det kan vara omvälvande att vara närstående i en högteknologisk miljö. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor kan spela en betydelsefull roll i hur de närstående erfar sin omgivning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa upplevelsen av att vara anhörig i en intensivvårdsmiljö. Metod: En deskriptiv metod med kvalitativ ansats har använts i denna studie.

BakgrundSedering, delirium, agitation och sma?rta a?r viktiga omra?den inom intensivva?rd. Studier har visat pa? goda resultat vid bedo?mning av sederade patienter med validerade ma?tinstrument. Intensivva?rdssjuksko?terskan mo?ter den sederade patienten dagligen i sitt arbete och ska enligt kompetensbeskrivningen ta hand om kritiskt sjuka patienter med svikt i ett eller i flera organ och utifra?n patientens individuella behov fo?rebygga, behandla, lindra och utva?rdera omva?rdnadsa?tga?rder.

Broad beans are becoming a larger crop in Sweden. This is probably due to the current discussion about the cultivation of soya beans that are imported to be used as protein fodder. Broad beans are a good break crop in a small grain intensive crop rotation and works as a protein source for animals together with for example ley. At present little research has been done on broad beans and more knowledge is needed. This study is about fungal communities and diseases on broad beans and the impact of these fungi on seed germination.

The thesis first objective was to develop field instructions for forest planning of native forests in Andean Patagonia, and the second objective was to test the plan on an actual property in the area. The thesis was limited to studies in the province of Rio Negro. Today, there are no official forest management plans for native forests in the Argentinean province of Rio Negro; thus, there is an obvious need for an official forest management plan with clear guidelines. To be granted permission to manage, i.e. through thinning, the native forests on a property it is required to have a forest management plan that is approved by the Forestry Board in the province in question (Thill, B.

Bakgrund: Prematurt fo?dda barn utsa?tts fo?r ma?nga sma?rtsamma ingrepp under sin tid pa? neonatal va?rdavdelning. Det finns behov av att utveckla icke- farmakologisk sma?rtlindring som komplement till farmakologisk sma?rtlindring fo?r denna patientgrupp. Tidigare forskning har visat att inspelad musik under blodprovstagning har positiva effekter pa? prematurt fo?dda barns fysiologiska va?rden samt beteendema?ssiga respons.

Popular culture is a phenomenon of growing importance in the society today. Children and teenagers are increasingly using popular culture in their everyday life to reflect and answer questions about their identities and the meaning of life. Swedish primary and upper secondary schools are expected to prepare their students for adulthood and to provide them with tools to explain understand and problematize contemporary society. From this perspective it is relevant to question whether the schools achieve this and whether the instruction given there represents the contemporary society. For the purpose of knowing more about how popular culture is perceived and dealt with in the Swedish education system, this study examines how eight textbooks in Religious Education (RE) and the national curriculum for upper secondary school discuss and treat popular culture.  The study focuses on when and in what ways the textbooks mention popular culture and if the curriculum provides any supportive base for including popular culture in religious education.

Ungulates are causing conflicts between stakeholders due to browsing damage on forests and agricultural crops. At the same time there is a big demand of keeping high ungulate densities for sports hunting and recreational purposes. Movement patterns of ungulates are strongly correlated with forage availability. Therefore, measures affecting forage quantity and distribution might be a tool to reduce the economical losses in forestry without decreasing the ungulate densities and thereby decrease the conflict between different interest groups.This study investigated the potential biomass production and utilisation of marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. medullosa), at game fields in Misterhult, Sweden, as well as browsing effects on adjacent forests.

This study illustrates how drama methods and career counselling might interact. The aim is to investigate whether drama methods can enhance career counselling methods. Drama is here defined as an umbrella term that includes all forms of action methods used in psychology and education.A literature survey was carried out in parallel with qualitative research interviews. Three professional drama leaders were interviewed separately. This was followed by a group interview with five upper secondary school students, who had all taken a course in drama with a focus on personal development.The findings show that there are common and consistent goals and values between drama and career counselling.

The artic fox is under threat of extermination in Europe. The population decreased strongly at the beginning of the twentieth century because of intensive hunting. The artic fox was placed under protection by law 1928 in Sweden but despite this the population has had difficultly to recover. This can depend on several reasons, but the main threats are shortage of food and competition from the red fox. Along with Norway and Finland, Sweden has carried out a project called SEFALO (Saving the Endangered Fennoscandian Alopex lagopus), whose objectives were to prevent continued decreased populationnumbers and through, for example supplementary feeding, help the population to recover.

The large number of surrendered and feral cats is a big animal welfare problem all over the world. Populations of feral cats arise through a large number of unwanted cats which can lead to surrender of these, through cats allowed to roam free outside which can lead to the owner losing these and through the reproduction that occurs amongst these surrendered or lost cats. One aim of this study is to give an account of this problem. It is however difficult to draw general conclusions about these populations of cats since studies all over the world has been carried out on different types of populations, during different conditions and different periods of time. The welfare of many of these cats is presumably low because they are exposed to risks as disease, starvation, climate, traffic, other animals and humans.

This thesis analyzes the expected profitability in land based wind power plants. The expected profitability is calculated on the basis of a wind power project in Vartofta, Falköping. The information required to calculate the expected outcome is then concentrated to this project, which is in this thesis called project Näs. In project Näs they plan to build three wind power plants, with each an effect of 2 MWh. These wind power plants are very capital intensive investments with a long and uncertain payback time.

The demands for higher production yields and better quality materials from the forests are increasing globally. Tree breeding programs are directed to meet the future demands on forests. In order to capture the full benefits from the breeding programs, clonal propagation is necessary. For most conifer species, somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the only available option for large scale clonal propagation of Elite clonal material. For Norway spruce (Picea abies L.