People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report.

Dr. Robert A. Pape gav 1996 ut sin bok Bombing to Win ? Airpower and Coercion in War där han presenterar sin teori om hur luftmakt bäst ska användas för att påtvinga sin vilja över en motståndares. Genom empiriska studier argumenterar han för att strategisk bombning inte fungerar utan luftstridskrafterna ska istället användas till att bekämpa fiendens militära strategi.Detta självständiga arbete presenterar kärnan ur Pape's teori, samt tar ut tre centrala kriterier som verkar sammanfattande för teorin och undersöker sedan om det går att urskilja dessa inom Nato's nyttjandet av luftmakt under Operation Deliberate Force i Bosnien 1995.

Uppsatsen ställer frågan om teorin d.v.s. nu gällande doktriner stämmer överens med verklighetenoch i fall de inte stämmer överens ? vad skiljer de åt? Inledningsvis görs en kort tillbakablick överhur samverkan mellan US Army och US Air Force har genomförts sedan andra världskriget. Uppsatsensfallstudie omfattar de båda försvarsgrenarnas samverkan och syn på Airpower under Irakkriget2003. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion rörande den svenska försvarsmaktens möjligheteroch förmåga när det gäller integrering av markstridskrafter och flygstridskrafter.Frågeställningar som besvaras är:? Existerar det doktrinära avvikelser mellan US Air Force och US Army vad gäller synen påAirpower och dess tillämpning?? Finns det skillnader mellan rådande doktriner och hur samverkan mellan luft- och markstridskrafterhar genomförts i en skarp operation?? Hur långt har den amerikanska försvarsmakten kommit inom luft-markintegrationen?? Finns det andra faktorer som styr uppträdandet än doktriner?? Vilka slutsatser från studien kan den svenska försvarsmakten ha nytta av i sin utvecklinginom området luft-markintegration?Slutsatsen är att det fortfarande existerar skillnader mellan US Army och US Air Force såväl ideras doktriner som i deras tillämpning under krig.

In this report a new gear concept is evaluated using the magnetic finite element method (FEM)software MagNet and Ansys as well as the mechanical FEM software Abaqus. The gear conceptis evaluated in terms of maximum torque capability, torsional stiffness, gear ratio and efficiency.ABB Corporate Research has proposed a new gear concept which should be less expensive thangearboxes used today. The new concept is called aMagnetic Harmonic Traction Drive and usesthe principles of a harmonic drive gear to achieve a high reduction ratio. The gear conceptreplaces the wave generator used in traditional harmonic drives with magnets and uses tractioninstead of gear teeth to transfer the torque. The main components in the gearbox are the magnets,the flexspline, the magnetic portion and the circular spline.

The idea for this project was initiated together with one of the leaders in the forest, paper and packaging industry. To get through an A/R CDM process the company is exposed to the risk of failing the process or that the overall costs will exceed the benefits of the project. This would delete the incentives to invest in GHG removals compared to purchasing emission allowances on the carbon market. The questions that have been raised and needs clarification in the thesis are the following:? From a company perspective, what are the incentives for implementing Forest Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects?? What is a likely financial outcome of a reforestation CDM project on degraded land in the Guangxi province of the Peoples Republic of China?? When does an investment like this break even with the cost of buying market based carbon emission allowances? The objective of this master thesis is to carry out a research about the incentives for forest, paper and packaging companies to invest in reforestation through the clean development mechanism.

SammanfattningDagens robotgräsklippare från Husqvarna har en lyftsensor vilken bygger på attkarossen kan röra sig vertikalt i förhållande till chassiet. Detta leder dock till attlösningen i kombination med krocksensorerna gör att karossen förmedlar en icke solidkänsla när potentiella kunder prövar produkten. Husqvarna hoppas att man får flerkunder om det är möjligt att ge produkten en solidare känsla. Ett steg mot detta mål äratt utveckla en ny, icke mekanisk lyftsensor.Ett antal koncept för att lösa problemet har utvecklats och utifrån dessa har ett antallösningar utvecklats. De lösningar vilka har visat sig problematiska jämfört medkravspecifikationen har förkastats och intressanta lösningar undersökts I detalj.Ett koncept har utvecklats till prototyp och det är en lösning med Force sensingresistors? vilka används för att mäta trycket från de fyra infästningspunkter vilka finnsmellan kaross och chassi.

The competition amongst companies is getting tougher and the economic markets are getting even bigger with new products and businesses. One way for companies to differentiate themselves from the competitors is through packaging design. If the merchandise is to send a reliable and solid message to consumers, the attributes of the packaging must be consistent and uniform. If the different attributes are not coherent, the message loses credibility towards the consumer. Through the sent messages, the pack signals the products? expected quality and price.This paper includes two studies, in which the main objective is to discover and build understanding about Swedish consumers? perception of a product?s price depending on the pack?s design.

Problem: Förpackningen har föreslagits som det femte P:et (packaging) i marknadsmixen (Kotler (1999). Det anses att en i något avseende unik förpackning kan vara av stor betydelse för att skapa en framgångsrik märkesprodukt. Orsaken till detta är att förpackningen kan betraktas som märkesproduktens ansikte utåt, vilket gör att den i stor utsträckning bidrar till att skapa ett första intryck av märkesprodukten. Mot bakgrund av detta är det naturligtvis angeläget att förpackningen redan från början bidrar till att ge ett positivt intryck av märkesprodukten ? man får aldrig en andra chans att göra ett första intryck.

The calf extrator?s function has been studied, through measuring traction and how this varies in different situations, in comparison with corresponding manual traction situations. This was done against the background that excessive force at assisted calvings at dystocia can mean life threatening damages on the calf such as grave acidosis, vertebral fractures, femur fractures and rib fractures. The calf extractor has earlier been measured to pull with greater force than the established maximum force of ?two strong men?.

Germany has experienced low birth rates ever since the 1970s when they fell below the replacement levels of 2,1 children per woman. Since then, their birth rate has been around 1,5 children per woman, which has caused an overall aging population. The consequences of the declining birth rates is that the previous generations are becoming larger than the younger generations. This demographic shift raises concern about how its potential implications might affect different aspects of the country and its economy overall. The aim of this paper is to try to discern the dynamic between the share of the labor force in relation to total population, with the share of pensioners in relation to the total population.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera förpackningsbehoven hos olika e-handelsföretag som säljer varor till konsumenter. En ökning av den direkta distributionen av varor till konsumenter är av allmänt intresse på grund av dess inverkan på distributionskedjorna. Eftersom varor kommer att levereras som styckegods direkt till slukund istället för i stora volymer till en grossist kommer förpackningarna att behöva utvecklas. För det första kommer distributionen av varor via e-handeln att öka behovet av förpackningsmaterial eftersom varje enskild produkt behöver förpackas vid transport till slutkund. För det andra kommer nya typer av högkvalitativa förpackningar, som är skräddarsydda för att passa enskilda produkter, att behövas. Följaktligen, belyser denna studie förpackningsbehovet hos olika e-handelsföretag som säljer varor direkt till svenska konsumenter.

The aim of this thesis is to examine how salesperson control can be exercised in a retail store environment. A case study has been performed on a Swedish fashion company emphasizing the relationship between the company?s upper level management and their retail store operations in order to describe, analyze and classify the prevailing management control mechanisms. The paper presents an agency theoretical approach to the relationship applying behavior- and outcome based control theory, performance measurement theory and incentives theory in order to give a comprehensive image of the control system. The main finding is that the company?s management control system as applied to the sales force in its retail stores can be categorized as mainly behavior-based despite several explicit outcome-based features..

The project contains a force analysis of the vertical axis wind turbine Lucia's supporting arms and a measuring device to experimentally measure the forces is made. The forces between the supporting arms and the tower are calculated theoretically and then simulated by a computere. A measuring devise is then designed to measure the forces experimentally. The forces acting on the attachment between the supporting arms and the tower is primarily the centripetal force, gravitational force and the aerodynamic forces on the rotor wings. The maximum forces were theoretically calculated and is 13.38 kN along the x-axis, -0.25 kN along the y-axis and then 0.5 kN along the z-axis.

In Sweden, responsibility for the collection and recycling of packaging and newspapers lies with the producers. Therefore, the major producers created a jointcollection with 5800 recycling stations. The stations are the responsibility of a coordinating body, Förpacknings och Tidningsinsamlingen (FTI) which ensures Government regulations are adhered to by the producers.In 2006, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carried out an evaluation of the collection of packaging and newspapers. EPA´s research showedthat 80 percent of households were satisfied with the collection but that there were also shortcomings, including problems with littering at the recycling stations.We have tried to approach the litter issue from different angles in order to suggestpossible measures to reduce the problem. An important aspect proved to be uncertainties regarding the concept of operators.As there are currently many parties involved in the collection process this lead to the issue of who is legally considered as the operator of the recycling stations.

This report is about the shear force design of reinforced concrete according to Europe?s common dimension rules, Eurocode. The purpose is to describe the calculation procedure and the background to the formulas and expressions that occurs. Furthermore results from different calculation methods (hand calculations and computer calculations) will be compared to see how they differ.The goal with this is to go through the parts of Eurocode dealing with shear force and that this will lead to a clear review of these. You should also be able to see how results and the calculation procedure differ between different calculation methods.