This essay deals with the principle of surprise warfare and its development as well as the adaptation of military action that had to be made to surprise the opponent in the modern era.The concept of surprise is divided into its components in order to clarify what is required to implement a surprising maneuver, to understand the complex concept and form a theoretical framework for gathering facts in the case study.Development and adaption are demonstrated by a comparative case study where Pearl Harbor illustrates an example of historical surprise and Operation Desert Storm illustrates a modern surprise. The product will then be analyzed in order to detect the development and how military conduct is forced to adapt in order to carry out a surprising maneuver. The results shows that the military action of performing a surprise attack has had a major development and is now carried out in a different stage of the attack..

The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of social distance used by the librarians and users in the virtual reference interview. With a conversational analysis and applied politeness theory 49 chat transcripts where analysed in order to answer the question of how the interlocutors positioned themselves regarding the social distance between them. By identifying what communicative strategies where used the following results were found. Generally the social distance between librarians and users is low in the Swedish virtual reference interview. Even though both parties used informal and casual language the results indicate that the librarians face wants were valued slightly higher than the users which were illustrated by a some what higher social distance in the stages of the conversations when the librarians face was under most threat.

Sammanfattning I denna uppsats undersöker jag i kvalitativa intervjuer med tre lärare, på vilket sätt elever i svenska grundskolor (årskurs 7-9) deltar i bedömningsarbetet, och vilka olika problem som lärare upplever i samband med detta. Resultaten visar att de mest framträdande svårigheterna anses vara tidsbristen, och problem i samband med elevers förutsättningar. Tydligt är dock att orsaker till många av dessa problem redan finns grundlagda i arbetet med styrdokumenten och skolorganisationen. Lösningen på många av problemen kan vara utom lärarnas räckvidd, medan andra problem kan minska på längre sikt genom lärares och elevers ökade träning i bedömningsarbetet. En skolutveckling i riktning mot ett ökat elevdeltagande i bedömningen kräver att lärare tydligt kommunicerar med varandra och med eleverna, samt feedback till skolledning och forskning, så att kraven på lärarna kan bli realistiska och arbetsbördan rimlig..

This master essay deals with the changes in the use of and the abandonment of the Avebury monument and the change of the surrounding landscape during the late Neolitihic, about 3000 B.C, and into the Bronze age, about 1500 B.C. The change in the way people supported themselves, the development of agriculture, brought along many other changes as well. I am in this paper dealing with these issues, how and what lead up to these changes, the peoples own part in the development, and I am also looking into the fact that these changes might not have meant an end of old ideologies, but rather a development in the expression of beliefs where the monuments of the neolithic no longer had a place in society..

As the volumes are entering the world of computer graphics the pure volume visualisation becomes a more important tool in for example research and medical applications. But the advance in haptics --- force feedback from the computer --- is behind. In volume haptics no equal to the proxy method so popular in surface haptics has yet emerged. Some implementations of volume haptics even use surfaces as intermediate representations so that surface haptics can be used.The intention of this work was to create natural feeling haptic feedback from volumetric density data using pure volume haptics. The haptic algorithm would be implemented in Reachin API for the Reachin Desktop Display, together with other parts to build up a usable volume visualisation environment.To achieve the feeling of stiffness and friction dependent on tissue type, a proxy based method was developed.

The aim of this study is to get a deeper understanding about user tests as well as answer the question about if testing for users is necessary at all times. I've done a comparison between what the literature says, and what a company says, about testing. The tests that's been in focus in this study is prototyping and card sorting tests. Prototyping aims to give the developer feedback about the design and check if there are any obvious problems with the design. A card sorting test can be used to get input about how information architecture should be constructed.

Personal assistants ' descriptions of their own professional role are usually removed for the benefit of users ' description of the profession. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the assistants perceive their profession by providing assistants a possibility to talk about their experiences of the profession. Data has been collected by twelve interviews with active working personal assistants aged 22-57 years. Assistants interviewed have different experiences and working with people with various disabilities. The method used is a qualitative method with a narrative analysis method, where the twelve interviews have been merged into four fictional stories.

Title: A hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system. To learn using tools to make software development more effective should be self-evident at a high level institution as the competitive industry races on. The absence of directives for programming students in Sweden to use source code management (SCM) was the basis for this report. The report describing the developing of a hosting service for software development to use SCM of Git, which includes a web application, storage, API and authentication of students. The project resulted in a hosting service and a smaller survey of how the today Swedish students using habits of SCM during their studies..

The aim of this thesis is to investigate, and thereby highlight, the new role of special needs teachers in conducting educational development in the fields of linguistics and literacy. The thesis defines how educational development, as described by special needs teachers, can be conducted and what conditions they perceive for such development. Factors which, according to special needs teachers, promote or hinder the development are discussed.The study uses a qualitative method involving knowledge-creating dialogues, analyzed hermeneutically, with two special needs teachers. Results are then discussed in light of relevant research and sociocultural theory. The study indicates that special needs teachers? main tool, to support teachers, is diverse use of dialogue.

Background & Problem: The Statutory audit was initiated in the beginning of 1983 with the argument that it had a preventative affect against economic crimes. It is discussed whether the statutory audit should be abolished considering it brings major costs for small limited companies, also there are discussions however easing the regulation for these companies. What effect would it impose for the preventative work against economic crimes if the statutory audit is abolished?Purpose: The purpose with this study is to learn how an abolishment of the statutory audit among so called micro businesses will affect authorities? preventive work against the economic crimes.Demarcate: The study is demarcated to comprise only authorities that work with preventing economic crimes with help of the statutory audit and that will be affected of an possible abolishment, such as the Swedish Tax Office (Skatteverket) and the Swedish National Economic Crimes Bureau (Ekobrottsmynigheten).Methodology: The research is based on a qualitative approach with personal interviews with two representatives from each authority. The gathering of data has been done by researching literature and databases.Conclusions: The result shows that the statutory audit is significant for the authorities and their preventive work.

Titel: Kommunicera rätt! ? En studie om kommunikation mellan systemutvecklare med kundkontakt och kund. Författare: Peter Johansson Oskar Hanson Handledare: Johanna Törnquist Examinator: Guohua Bai Problemområde: Anledningen till detta examensarbete är att problem som kan uppstå vid systemutvecklingsprojekt vanligtvis har sin grund i kommunikationen mellan systemutvecklare med kundkontakt och dess kunder. Exempelvis hör en systemutvecklingsgrupp och ett bageri till två vitt skilda yrkesområden och därmed pratar de ?olika språk?, vidare kan det skapas semantiskt brus i kommunikationskanalen som i slutändan kan leda till en felaktig kravspecifikation och de verkliga förändringsbehoven förblir oupptäckta. Hypotes: Examensarbetet baseras på hypotesen: ?Semantiskt brus[1] i kommunikationskanalen[2], otillräcklig negativ feedback[3] från sändare[4] och mottagare[5] och svårighet att hitta rätt nivå på samtalet med hjälp av kodning[6] och avkodning[7] ger upphov till en felaktig bild av kundens verkliga förändringsbehov[8] .? Slutsats: Alla delar ur Shannons kommunikationsmodell tillsammans med cybernetikens negativa feedback påverkar resultatet vid framtagande av kravspecifikation. Delar som både teori och respondenter tar upp är att som konsult måste denne ?kunna tala kundens språk?, hitta rätt nivå på samtalet, ge och ta negativ feedback samt undvika semantiskt brus i kommunikationskanalen.

Ångest karaktäriseras av oro och rädsla i olika former och styrka. Det psykiska lidandet hos personer med ångestsyndrom är stort men det finns hjälp. Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters och personals upplevelser och erfarenheter av ångesthantering genom avspänning och medveten närvaro. Deltagarna var fem patienter med ångestsyndrom och två personal med erfarenhet av metoden. Data samlades in med intervjuer vid upprepade tillfällen och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys, data samlades även med en skattningsskala vid två tillfällen för att undersöka personerna med ångest egen skattning av ångestnivå.

The paper is a thesis made by three students in the engineering program at Jönköping School of engineering. The thesis was overseen by the urban planning office and features data from Jönköping County.The purpose of the thesis is to improve future central districts by improvement of work methods. The aim of this thesis is, through an evaluation of process mapping, develop a model for systematical work methods with better experience feedback in the urban planning. The following three questions have been answered:? How is the process mapping of the urban planning in Jönköping County built today and how did it affect the current district Kålgården?? How can the urban planning of Jönköping improve with a more systematical work method with better experience feedback?? How can critics elaborate the developed method to make it enough stable and in general applicable method to enforce on future districts?Literature studies and interviews were made to review the work methods of the office of urban planning as well as how their experience feedback works.

AbstractThe purpose of my study is to compare Sten Rydhs wiew of learning disabilities in mathematics and his education with current literature and research. I want to explore whether the education of ?Mattesmedjan?*, influenced by the Suzuki method, can be the solution for the students with maths problems. ?Mattesmedjan? is a privately-owned school of maths.

This paper aims to investigate whether a small organization with small development teams can find a value in leaving a functioning development process to follow a formal systems development methodology, if these organizations can find support in an agile systems development method and in such case the method needs to be adjusted according to the organizations unique conditions.A traditional plan-driven system development methodology includes a number of phases that are carried out sequentially and a completed phase can basically not be resumed. All requirements are specified at the beginning of a project and at the end of the project only one delivery of software take place. This can cause difficulties in for example dealing with changing requirements. Agile system development methods intend to deal with changing requirements and to enable continuous delivery of valuable, working software.In this paper, both the traditional plan-driven methods and agile methods will be explained. Research methodology and existing system development theories will be discussed and a company where the study has been conducted will be presented.