Den här kvalitativa studiens syfte var att ur ett ledarskapsperspektiv undersöka vad chefer upplevde som signifikanta utmaningar i att leda en arbetsgrupp utifrån de fem arbetskaraktäristika dimensionerna; uppgiftsidentitet, uppgiftsbetydelse, variation i färdigheter, autonomi och feedback. För att uppnå studiens syfte valdes att göra djupgående, semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra chefer ifrån fyra olika verksamheter med varierande erfarenhet av ledarskap. Intervjuerna genomfördes vid personliga intervjuer med stöd av en intervjumall men också med utrymme för lämpliga följdfrågor för så uttömmande svar som möjligt. Resultatet av studien visade på att utmaningar återfanns i att arbetsgruppens autonomi tillsammans med variation i färdigheter begränsades av arbetsbeskrivning. Utmaningar upplevdes också kring att få de anställda att förstå hela bilden samt i anställdas sätt att nyttja eller utnyttja autonomi och hantera feedback i de fall de erbjöds.

Product development cycles become shorter and shorter. The time from idea to market has become an important competitive factor. Despite this, methods used for making the product development process faster are surrounded with uncertainty about their efficiency. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the pros and cons of ?best practice? methods for shortening lead times and how these methods effect the lead times in research and development.

This essay is the result of a case study. The aim of this study has been to gain an understanding of government employee?s opportunity to be involved in and contribute to the processes tied to organizational development. The case study is based on the perspective of the government employees and their experience and thoughts regarding their opportunity to be a part of the organizational development. The empirical data that was generated by the case study has been analysed with New Public Management and Sense Of Coherence as a theoretical point of view.

Arms trade is a multi-faced issue, it can increase the state's economic revenue; however also endanger the human security. The European Union's member state United Kingdom is one of the five largest arms traders in the world. The EU promotes human security in its work, especially in the union's development policies. These circumstances address the main question of the study: is there a contradiction between the UK's arms trade and the EU development policies. The objective of this study is to research the stately weapon use in three of the UK's trading partners, and how it could affect the EU development policies.

My purpose with this paper related to my questions was to find out how professionals preeschool teachers working on multilingualism. I also wanted to get answers on how pedagogues in the preeschool may promote multilingual children´s language development, the factors that promote multilingual children´s language development and the role parents have in the language development of multilingual children. I chose to do my study in the form of interviews with professional preeschool teachers and interviewees described including the need for more knowledge of pedagogues around multilingualism. My result based on theoretichal background and the study is that pedagogues should let the children´s all languages esemble together. A factor influencing the multilingual children´s language development is ambient attitudes to multilingualism.

The purpose of this study is to describe how the employee appraisal is perceived by managers, employees and representatives from human resources departments. The empirical material con-sists of 15 interviews: respondents were two representatives of the human resources departments, four unit managers and nine employees who work at a state institution or municipal management. In the study, I adopt a sociocultural perspective, with the communicative relational perspective. The latter is a special education perspective in which the interpenetration of participation, com-munication and learning emphasized.The result shows that the majority of employees would like to see that the talks will be held more frequently than once a year. One of the managers has in cooperation with his co-workers devel-oped a model based on that each year, in addition to salary talks, have an individual conversation, a conversation with each group and individual follow-up talks.

The study aims to increase understanding and knowledge of motivation; this by examining how the leader experiences her capability to promote employees' work motivation. Also, how employees perceive that the leader influence and enhance their work motivation. Interviews were conducted with a manager and two employees of a government agency in Sweden. The results demonstrate different opinions between manager and employees in the manager's ability to foster motivation in the everyday work. The leader thinks that she promotes her employees work positively and believes that she is giving her employees attention and appreciation.

The essay on ?The revival of the countryside ? a multitalent in landproduction.? focuses on local and regional development within agriculture, foodprocessing and tourism.Due to great changes in society, the inhabitants in rural areas are forced to find alternative occupations. Using history as a tool to build up the future is a main factor in rural development. Apart from this it involves cooperation, resources, cultural heritage and values, entrepreneurship and innovation, economic vitality, and an understanding of markets and marketing. They all contribute to a region`s ability to benefit from rural development..

Denna studie har som huvudsyfte att undersöka formativ bedömning ur våra elevers perspektiv. Genom att sätta oss in i vad det formativa arbetssättet innebär och vad Lgr11 säger om detta fick vi en fin möjlighet att samtidigt utvecklas som pedagoger och bedömare. Lgr 11 anger tydligt att lärare förväntas arbeta mer formativt då aktuell forskning visar stora vinster för de enskilda elevernas kunskapsinhämtning. Våra elever har vid två tillfällen fått besvara enkäter med frågor om hur de upplever lärares bedömningar av deras kunskaper och vilken feedback de vill ha. Vårt arbete ger en kort tillbakablick hur bedömning i allmänhet utvecklats sedan antiken och hur de båda begreppen summativ och formativ bedömning uppkommit och utvecklats.

Today?s Sweden becomes more and more multicultural, with a mixture of many different languages. Many children are raised to learn two or more parent languages. If you work as an educationalist in preschool you will probably come in contact with these children. The question is how you should treat them and ease their development of languages.The purpose with this work is to find answers to the question if bilingual children develop their languages by the same method as monolingual and how one as an educationalist can make these children?s development of language easier.The papers preface is a part of literature that describes different researchers view on the bilingual children?s development of language and how one, as an educationalist, can ease it.To my study I have chosen to interview three educationalists in preschool who all work with bilingual children.

The concept of sustainable development is a challenge that demands cooperation from all levels of society for it to be successful. The focus for this thesis is how politicians within the local councils understand the concept of sustainable development and how they implement it in political decision-making.The basis for the study is a questionnaire that was distributed to 303 local politicians in three municipalities of varying size in Southern Sweden. The study concentrates on departments within the local councils that are directly connected to the Swedish environmental law and the Swedish planning and construction law. One of the primary goals with the aforementioned laws is the achievement of sustainable development within one generation.The outcome of the study was that over half of the local politicians could correctly define sustainable development according to the World Commission on Environment and Development?s (WCED) definition.

The concept of leadership development plays an important role within the modern organization. As a result of the increasing interest in developing leadership competencies, investments in leadership development programs are becoming a common part of business strategies. However, the return on those investments is seldom evaluated. The reason for this is considered to be the complexity created by the many factors that influence leadership but have no relation to the program. This is a case study based on interviews with participants from a one-year leadership development program that was carried out at AB Previa.

Denna uppsats har som syfte att få en djupare förståelse för vad arbetsmotivation är, att undersöka vad arbetsmotivation har för betydelse för medarbetarens prestation i arbetet och hur företag genom både muntliga och skriftliga medarbetarundersökningar kan få en uppfattning om medarbetarens arbetsmotivation.  För att uppnå syftet användes en kvalitativ metod, med intervjuer som angreppssätt. Vi intervjuade fem butiksledare inom hemelektronikbranschen, som håller i och utformar både skriftliga och muntliga medarbetarundersökningar. Teori har valts utifrån syftet med undersökningen och vi har använt oss utav teorier om arbetsmotivation, feedback och medarbetarundersökningars utformning. Sammantaget har vi kommit fram till att de olika butiksledarna använder sig utav olika metoder för att få arbetsmotivation hos medarbetarna att uppstå och att feedback är att se som viktigt kommunikationskälla för att bekräfta medarbetarnas prestationer. Resultaten visar även att butiksledarna arbetar med medarbetarundersökningar för att få uppfattning om medarbetarens arbetsmotivation, på ett sätt som motsvarar de generella råd som ges i teoriavsnittet..

If one looks at physical planning in Sweden today one can see that while talking about densification of existing development, reduced emissions and careful use of important land, urban sprawl is a fact with development of sheer residential districts in the urban edges and shopping malls in each and every municipality. As sustainable development is an essential goal for physical planning to strive towards, it is worth questioning if the direction of today?s planning will lead to the goal. A sustainable development can be seen as an obvious to goal aim at. In reality the aim means a hard and complex work.

ABSTRACT:The aim of this essay is to analyze whether the development of the Principles of War in small states´ doctrine has been influenced by the doctrinal development of alliances after the start of an international cooperation.The author suggests that the development of the Principles of War can be understood through theories of doctrinal development. The theory used for this analysis states that small states depend on alliances, such as NATO, and therefore adapt their doctrine to better match the doctrine of the alliance. Since the Principles of War are the foundation of doctrine, such an adaption should lead to an adaption of the Principles of War as well.The analysis will be made using Swedish Army field manuals as a basis. These will be compared to NATO´s, in order to see whether or not Sweden has adapted its Principles of War following its membership of the Partnership for Peace.The results show that today the Swedish Principles of War are more similar to NATO´s than they were in 1982, which suggests that they have been adapted to better match those used by NATO. Although this essay does not analyze the reasons why, the results imply that theories of doctrinal development also include the development of principles of war.