The legal right to take time off from work to care for one`s children has been regulated in Swedish law since late 1930. This right was limited to mothers and was provided under restricted forms. There was a long qualification period and the length of parental leave was limited.Since then, the right to parental leave has been extended through several modifications of the law. The question of equality in both the labour market and the private sector has been one of the greatest forces behind these changes. By including men in the right to take parental leave, the work place has become more equal and it is now considered a natural part of the employee?s life to request time off to care for children.Labour Arbitration Court has shown through its case law that equality in the work place is of the utmost importance and has shown its support in this matter through its judgements.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur lärare tänker kring och ser på arbetet i arbetslag och samverkan. Studien bygger på ett fenomenografiskt vetenskapligt förhållningssätt och är baserade på kvalitativa intervjuer för att ta reda på några lärares uppfattningar och syn på arbetet inom och utanför arbetslaget. Intervjuerna är utförda på tre olika skolor i två olika kommuner och 16 verksamma lärare har deltagit.Studiens teoretiska bakgrund beskriver det postmoderna samhället och en skola i förändring. Bakgrunden behandlar begreppen balkanisering och Self-efficacy, hur grupper ser ut och vad som påverkar dem. Vidare skildras olika former av samarbetskulturer och modeller som beskriver hur samarbetet kan se ut och vad som påverkar.

En teknikstudie med syfte att hitta de parametrar som styr den slutliga utformningen hos ett nytt I/O-system genomfördes hos ABB Open Control Systems under våren 2007. Hela teknikstudien belyste ekonomi, marknadsaspekter och tekniska aspekter som elektronik och mekanik. Denna rapport fokuserar på de mekaniska aspekterna.Det finns problem med kylning av elektroniken i kombination med flexibelt montage och utrymmesbehov på DIN-skenan hos det nuvarande systemet, S800 I/O. På ett nytt I/O-system ställs krav på ökad flexibilitet och minskat utrymmesbehov utan att göra avkall på god kylning. De som främst kommer i kontakt med mekaniken i ett I/O-system, installatörer och serviceingenjörer, ställer dessutom krav på att systemet medger en välgjord installation där det är enkelt att göra rätt.

Swedens membership in the European Union have resulted in an international characterized labour market. The construction sector is the area who employs most posted workers among the 7400 employees who monthly enters the market. It?s also the sector where a big part of the work-related deaths occurs. The purpose of this study is therefore to contribute to a greater understanding of the regulation regarding posted workers, their work environment and the consequences of it.

Background: Today, the trademark is the heart of the company and the management of brandimage and identity require certain attention and care. In an increasingly tough business climatewhere the brand today has a central and important role, it is understandable that the companieswant to take maximum advantage of it. In the company the brand is a great resource with analready known identity and established values that can help new products to enter the market. Toextend the brand is a popular growth strategy but it is important to do it properly in order not tofail. J Lindeberg and Peak Performance are two Swedish fashion companies which both havemade brand extensions.

Our starting point has been to use the football player Zlatan Ibrahimovic as a model person for individualism that seams to break the ordinary socialization pattern in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to examine how the team leaders handle the socialization of more individualistic focused individuals/young persons into groups, since the Swedish School Curriculum is designed to meet each individual on his or hers former experiences. Is the socialization of individuals within team sports affected by their cultural background? And, in that case, should those facts have consequences for the sport subject at school? Those are the questions we want to explore. Besides a survey of documents, we have been seeking answers to our questions through interviews with the team leaders Roland Nilsson and Peter Bergander, the pedagogues/teachers Karin Jutterström and Håkan Jensgård and the professional football player Abgar Barson.Our study shows that the leaders and teachers of today have begun to change their view about individualists.

Denna studie avser förklara varför inga politiska åtgärder vidtas för att minskaköttkonsumtionen när det finns tydliga belägg för dess bidragande effekter påklimatuppvärmningen. Genom en motivanalys iakttar jag aktörsbaserade och strukturellafaktorer som förklarar varför förslaget om en skatt på kött får dåligt gehör. Genom att jämföraden politiska hanteringen av köttkonsumtionen med bilismen åskådliggör jag ytterligarefaktorer som bidrar till att styrmedel finns i det ena fallet men inte i det andra.Jag har tolkat mitt material utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv som kan benämnas institutionalrational choice. Enligt detta är individen en allmänt rationell aktör som gör ställningstagandeni osäkra situationer tillsammans med andra. Klimatet utgör en gemensam resurs som ärtillgänglig för alla och närmast omöjlig att kontrollera.

Förekomsten av bakterier med olika typer av resistensmekanismer ökar globalt. De varianter som på engelska benämns ?Extended spectrum ?-lactamases? (ESBL) är en heterogen grupp ?- laktamaser som genom hydrolys inaktiverar ?-laktamantibiotika och därigenom ger resistens mot bland annat ? -laktamantibiotika som penicilliner och cefalosporiner. Resistensbestämning på kliniska laboratorier utförs huvudsakligen med lappdiffusion eller Minimum Inhibiting Concentration (MIC)-bestämning med gradienttester. Infektioner orsakade av ESBL-producerande organismer kan behandlas med ?-laktamantibiotika kombinerat med en ?-laktamasinhibitor.

The following thesis concerns the conceptualization of openness within the open access movement. Open accesscan be understood as a phenomenon or a movement that aims at changing the current system of scholarly communication.Consequentially, the movements goals arose in relation to the escalating serials crisis in scholarly communicationand the increasing power of commercial publishers. The purpose of the thesis is to study three centralopen access declarations with the aim of uncovering the different conceptualizations of openness found withinthese texts. Leaning on the theoretical position known as actor-network theory, the declarations role within a surroundingnetwork is explored by focusing on how openness as a concept has been produced and reproduced bycentral actors. Two overarching questions frames the study: How is openness conceptualized within the declarations?And how can openness, as a concept, be understood as an effect generated by a larger network?The first part of the study focuses on the first question.

During the latter part of the 20th century the situation for people with intellectual disabilities in Sweden changed and developed. Clients have the right to participation and self-determination in society and in applied measures under the law of individual rights legislation; LSS. The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how team-leaders and managers in day-centres in a municipality works with participation and self-determination for clients, and what the professionals consider affects the client's possibility to self-determination and participation. The research questions intended to be answered are:? How does the team-leaders and managers work to enable self-determination and participation of the users in the public day-centres?? What does the team-leaders and managers describe and understand as enabling and limiting factors for the client?s possibility to self-determination and participation?The study is qualitative and interviews have been held with eight interviewees, which I contacted through snowball sampling.

Antibiotikaresistens är idag ett viktigt globalt folkhälsoproblem. Ifall vi förlorar antibiotika som skydd mot bakteriella infektioner kommer det att påverka både samhälle och individ i form av ökade samhällskostnader och för individen en ökad morbiditet och mortalitet. Den viktigaste orsaken till uppkomst och spridning av resistens är användning, däribland felaktig användning, av antibiotika vilket selekterar för resistensutveckling. En annan faktor som bidrar till en ökad resistensutveckling är att samma typer av antibiotika används inom flera sektorer: inom human- och veterinärmedicin såväl som inom djuruppfödning och jordbruk. Resistens inom en sektor kan spridas vidare till en annan, till exempel kan resistenta bakterier spridas från djur till människa genom direkt eller indirekt kontakt.

Collections, compilations and databases currently stand under a solid intellectual property protection in Sweden. This legal protection is partly a product of the old Nordic ?catalogue-rule? seen in the former 49 § of the Swedish copyright act (upphovsrättslagen) but was further extended by the implementation of the EU directive on the legal protection of databases 96/9/EG and the new sui generis-right. Since major values are represented digitally combined with the fact that Internet serves as the main provider for information a strong legal protection for databases must be carefully crafted. When crafting this kind of legal protection the right to freedom of information is balanced against the database producers? interests of property protection as well as social and public interests such as increased innovation.

This master of science thesis intends to examine how the established innovation theoriesinteracts with the social and cultural phenomena arising from the reduction in communicationcosts as a result of the development of the internet.The aim is to present a knowledge inventory of attitudes to and experiences of an openapproach, with emphasis on collaborative innovation, in product and service developmentdriven companies in different fields. The studied theories and the empirical results forms thebasis for an analysis of how companies can benefit from the diversified knowledge that existsoutside their borders as well as an exploration of the potential for this kind of knowledgeexchange to act as a catalyst for innovation.The theoretical part of the study is based essentially on two tracks: (1) innovation theories witha focus onopen innovation and user innovation, and (2) a broad review of how theories ofdiversified knowledgeand collective intelligence has become possible to apply in an innovationcontext. The empirical part of the study is based on material obtained from semi-structuredinterviews with respondents from six companies.The results show that companies have implemented unstructured innovation initiatives withoutany formal links to the structured product development processes, which are part of thecompanies core activities. The main conclusions include the following insights: There is a needfor structured links between the unstructured initiatives and the core activities, which makes itpossible to take promising ideas to market. The companies also have to lose some control of theunstructured initiatives; consequently it is impossible to pinpoint what the outcome will be.

Inom nuklearmedicinsk diagnostik används radioaktiva läkemedel för att utvärdera olika organs metabolism och fysiologiska beteende. Genom att använda en scintillationskamera kan strålningen som erhålls när det administrerade läkemedlet sönderfaller i kroppen detekteras och en funktionell bild över aktivitetsfördelningen erhålls. En tredimensionell bildvolym kan erhållas om gammakameran får rotera runt patienten vilket kallas SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Bildernas kvalitet är av stor betydelse för att kunna göra en noggrann bedömning av olika patologiska tillstånd. Kvaliteten begränsas av en mängd faktorer och en av dem är Comptonspridda fotoner.I denna studie optimerades bildkvaliteten för SPECT-undersökningar med 111In-Octreoscan för ett Infinia Hawkeye 4 (GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA) SPECT-system vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus (NUS).

In an international perspective the Russian children s library is a unique institution, being solely committed to children up to 14 years of age. In Russia of today it is, however, being exposed to hard pressure as the economical and social conditions have changed dramatically since the collapse of the USSR. My interest lies in examining this change of living conditions for the children s libraries and how this in turn affect their work and role in the present state. In order to view this change in a longer perspective, I compare the situation for children s libraries during the time of communist regime with that of today using documents about and from children s libraries. I have studied its legal position and conditions, financial and political state, and how the modern society affects children and youth, especially their daily cultural life.