Introduktion: HIV-infektion medför en kronisk och progressiv sjukdom som, i obehandlad form, leder till en successiv försämring av immunförsvaret och utvecklandet av AIDS.Syfte: Att vid två lärosäten undersöka sjuksköterskestudenters kunskaper om HIV och inställningen till behovet av HIV-testning.Metod: En empirisk tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv och komparativ design med kvantitativ ansats. Genomförd som enkätstudie bland studenter vid Högskolan i Gävle och Uppsala Universitet (N=95), som studerade på sjuksköterskeprogrammets tredje år. Resultat: Majoriteten (88,4 %) angav korrekt att samlag med fler än en partner ökar risken att smittas med HIV. Tre studenter (3,2 %) angav felaktigt att det finns ett vaccin mot HIV-infektion. Nästan hälften (42,1 %) saknade kunskap om att glidmedel, tillsammans med kondom, inte minskar risken för HIV-smitta.

In a school for children from 6-9 years in a small town in the southeast of Sweden, is areading activity program in progress since 8 years. The original purpose of this program wasto enhance the student?s reading interest. All of the students read at least one book a week andthen they review the book in front of the class.The purpose of the present study was to examine vocabulary, word retrieving, narrative skillsand grammatical abilities in children in this school. The objectives were to investigate if thechosen language abilities in these children were different compared to normative data andearlier studies in children at comparable ages.

Public participation is a key aspect in the planning of Swedish municipalities. It is probably the most important tool of them all in the planning towards a sustainable future within the cities and the municipalities as a whole. Participation from the public can take on several different forms. In this paper I focus to research and discuss in and around the usage of a web-based 3D platform called City Planner. The tool allows the user (the public) to view the municipalities planning in a fairly new (but quickly growing) environment.

This study examines the use of building modeling and energy simulations in the design process  of  a  building.  The  take-off  point  is  the  notion  of  energy  simulations  being needed early and throughout the building design process, and that the lack of energy simulations may be explained by the fact that they are time consuming and therefore often too expensive. A greater interoperability between software tools used by relevant disciplines,  such  as  the  architect  and  the  energy  specialist,  would  create  smoother workflows, which would reduce this cost and open up for more frequent and iterative energy  simulation  processes.  The  study  is  an  assessment  of  the  modeling  tool  Revit and  the  simulation  tool  Virtual  Environment  and  whether  they  can  create  smoother workflows, and make leeway for a more frequent use of energy simulations throughout the  design  process.  It  also  investigates  the  limitations  of  what  can  be  examined  by simulations in Virtual Environment. This will hopefully help clarify the future role of energy  simulations  in  design  processes.  The  method  is  a  trial  by  error  approach  of testing the two software tools by building and simulating a model. The results of these tests  show  that  the  workflow  is  not  optimal  (and  therefore  time  consuming)  for frequent  and  iterative simulations  throughout the  design  process,  but  it  also  reveals some  great  possibilities  of  what  can  be  performed  with  these  two  powerful  tools  at hand.  Further  development  with  regards  on  platform  independency  of  the  building information  model,  including  seamless  exporting  and  importing,  seems  necessary  to strengthen the future role of energy simulations..

This paper treats the question about how the internationally established company, Apple, is affected by intern or extern events when it comes to the trade market. The purpose of the study is to investigate if chosen events create abnormal return on Apples stock market. The chosen research area is Steve Jobs three sick-listings, It-bubble and the purchase of the search engine company Siri. The reason of writing about this is the big interest for the stock market and its function.This study methodological starting position is quantitative done by an event study, with qualitative feature done by an interview with an expertise within this area. When analyzing the empirics, we have used the efficient market theory that says that information should not affect the stock market in the degree that abnormal return creates.

Fältet för användbarhetstestning är fullt av metoder, men av någon anledning är det en väldig brist på studier som jämför metoderna mot varandra och kontrollerar om dessa metoder, som utger sig för att generera samma typ av data, faktiskt är likvärdiga. Denna studie jämförde två användbarhetstestningsmetoder vid namn SUS och PSSUQ. Först jämfördes metodernas metamedelvärde med varandra för att se om det fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan metodernas rådata och sedan utökades analysen till att jämföra metodernas resultat med den normativa mall som respektive metod ger tillgång till. Dessa två olika jämförelser gjordes ett flertal gånger med olika antal försöksdeltagare vid varje iteration.Resultatet av studien visade att inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader fanns mellan metodernas metavärde (värden transformerade till en skala mellan 0 och 100) och att inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan dessa två mätinstrument då deras resultat jämfördes mot de normativa mallar som metoderna ger tillgång till, men även om inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader hittades visar resultatet på en viss skillnad i hur ett system uppfattas beroende på vilken metod som används, vilket innebär att liknande studier borde genomföras..

This study has focused on testing the following two hypotheses:? Pest resistant plants have higher levels and/or several different kinds of secondary metabolites. ? Induced defensive systems in resistant plants are activated more rapidly than those of susceptible plants. As a background for the test of the hypotheses a short literature study was performed concerning plant defensive mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana.

This paper is about transferring a feeling from a physical place to the Internet. The paper explores methods on how this transfer is done. Websites have a tendency to not portray the company behind it in a correct way. For companies with a distinct esthetic and work hard on their image and brand it is important that this hard work is portrayed correctly in every aspect. The problems this paper explores are: the importance of personas in a design process, methods of transferring a feeling from a physical place with design and how this can be tested, and using open-source content management systems in creating usable websites.

The society is developing fast and the development is constantly on-going, new technology results in new opportunities and new problems for both companies and consumers. The use of Internet has heavily increased around the world; this means that the companies can use Internet as a channel of communication to reach the consumers. The most recent type of marketing is web marketing. The fact that web marketing is constantly changing raise the question of how effective different types of web marketing are.The purpose of this study is to investigate four selected types of web marketing. This is achieved by comparing the response from the consumers and the cost for the different types of web marketing.

This thesis work resulted in a template for how the thermal spray process can be controlled through robot programs. The robots today and their programs need to be replaced, therefore a new structure which can be matched with the new robot systems is needed. The work is limited to only concern structured programming on the new robots on Thermal Spray Centre (TC) with the programming language Rapid. The basic data for the program was retrieved from interviews with concerned personnel at TC, from studies on process parameters for thermal spray and from existing specifications at Volvo Aero Corporation (VAC). The thesis work briefly describes the process thermal spray and the four methods used at VAC.

This project details the process of converting and transferring a turn-based paper prototype to a digital real-time format. The projects goals were to see how well the original feeling could be transferred to real-time and how the transition itself went. The project have been completed with the help of the programmer Mikael Gullberg. The practical part of the project was executed between the dates of 25/4 ? 2/5.

Reading old handwritten documents can be a real challenge for genealogists, especially as some documents in Sweden are written in the old German alphabet that is not used today. Much research has been done on how to enable computers to read old handwritten documents, but computers have so far not reached the level of reading that expert humans have. The focus seems to be on the computers reading the document with or without the help of human experts, with the aim of making the documents available in easily read form. I have, however, not found any research on how computers can help non-expert humans trying to read handwritten documents. In this project I have focused especially on beginning genealogists as reading gets easier with practice, and you need the help more in the beginning. By conducting interviews and observations with genealogists I established that reading is an issue and that there are many factors involved that make it difficult to read.

There have been changes in Earth?s climate system on both global and regional scale since the pre-industrial era and some of these changes are due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels. This calls for the development of engines with a higher efficiency and less harmful emissions. One interesting concept is the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine, which has the advantages of potentially low emissions combined with high efficiency. However, HCCI with diesel fuel requires a relatively long fuel/air mixing time to ensure a "homogenous" charge.

The Animal Protection Agency was in 2006, commissioned by the Government to: Evaluate how free range animals in the winter, can be kept and managed with special emphasis to animal welfare. The Animal Protection Agency was closed later in 2006 and the commission moved to the Swedish Board of Agriculture. The keeping of free range out wintered cattle, certain basic requirement are needed: by regulation, cattle should have access to a lying hall or other building that gives protection against aversive weather and wind and should offer a dry and clean lying area. There is a possibility for farmers that get an exemption from this regulation. But cases regarding farms which have had difficulties for this exemption has led to a discussion about if the animals can get the same protection in the nature which is comparable to a lying- hall.

The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken and chicken products, and to investigate farmer awareness of antibiotic resistance development. The study was conducted in the Can Tho province in Vietnam during six weeks in October to November 2008. Ninety-six samples from raw chickens were collected from twelve market places and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. A total of 96 cloacal swabs from 20 farms were obtained and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. Farmers were asked to answer eight questions concerning the housing of the chickens, modes of handling sick animals as well as use and knowledge of antibiotics and resistance development to antibiotics.