Trots att den Europeiska Unionen tillhör ett av de rikaste områdena i världen så finns det stora skillnader i inkomster och möjligheter både mellan och inom medlemsländerna. Vi har försökt undersöka vilken inverkan den europeiska integrationen EU fått på BNP-fördelningen inom regioner mellan EU:s medlemsländer, det vill säga om regionerna divergerat eller konvergerat med varandra. Vi utgår ifrån två krafter: den agglomererande som genom urbanisering etc drar kapital och ekonomisk verksamhet till ländernas centrum, och EU:s regionalpolitik som genom olika stödprojekt fördelar åtskilliga miljarder till de BNP mässigt svagare regionerna. För att kunna fördjupa arbetet fick vi begränsa antalet länder till fyra, i hopp om att kunna dra generella slutsatser för hela EU. På grund av dess olikheter valdes Belgien, Italien, Spanien och Sverige.

  The study aims to gain a better understanding and explore how a selected group (receivers) perceive two elected advertising images from Indiska and Vila and then compare their opinions to what Indiska and Vila themselves want to communicate. We base the study on theories of encoding / decoding, which deals with how the companies charge their advertising images with values and how recipients decodes these values.A qualitative study was carried out based on analytical induction (planning, collection and analysis). Through the analytical method of induction, we created categories based on the collected data and put them in relation to each other. The result showed that the overall impression of the images' and the context are of great importance for how our respondents perceive the advertising images. The overall impressions convey emotion that reinforces the expression and the message.

AbstractThe thesis investigates how the European Union promotes stability and security in the Mediterranean region. The aim is to analyse the European Union?s security ambitions with Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Barcelona Process. An analytical framework with five sectors (military, political, economic, environmental and societal), based on the Copenhagen School?s theories about security sectors and securitization, is used for the analysis.

Zakrisdal and the west coast region of Karlstad was at one time a protected area where the ammunition factory AmF Zakrisdal 1941-1994 was situated. This factory manufactured explosives for the Swedish armed forces and for export. In this context it is an interesting paradox that the production of ammunition, mines and armorpiercing grenades for more than 50 years has preserved the environment surrounding the factory.The factory is now gone and the production is moved to Karlskoga. Plans are being made to build housing for 3-4000 residents and other enterprises within the area. The area now stands before yet another change, most likely the most profound to date.The inspiration for this work comes from the economic historic Jan Jörnmark.

Energy losses are an essential part of a power grid company?s costs. From anenvironmental and economic perspective, it is important to reduce these costs. Toknow where efforts should be deployed, it is important to have good knowledge ofwhere in the network losses are situated. When creating network tariffs, there is alsonecessary to have a correct distribution such that the network customers that use acertain part of the network, only pays for the network losses in this area.

This master thesis was made to validate hydropower models of a turbine governor,Kaplan turbine and a Francis turbine in the power system simulator ARISTO atSvenska Kraftnät. The validation was made in three steps. The first step was to makesure the models was implement correctly in the simulator. The second was tocompare the simulation results from the Kaplan turbine model to data from a realhydropower plant. The comparison was made to see how the models could generatesimulation result that was similar to the reference power station.

In this thesis, the introduction of smoke-free restaurants and bars in several EU Member States in a policy convergence perspective is studied. The thesis sets out to explain whether policy convergence has occurred and the possible explanations connected with it. It is stated that 15 out of 25 EU Member States had introduced or decided to introduce smoke-free restaurants and bars up to April, 2006. Out of all the countries in the world, 35, including the EU Member States, had introduced or decided to introduce smoke-free restaurants and bars. The result is analysed by using policy convergence theory and by putting the case in a global environment where tobacco control has become an ever more central theme for public health policy.The EU Member States are different in several ways considered to be important factors for policy convergence, such as cultural, institutional and socio-economic similarities, and the conclusion is made that EU membership has been a most crucial factor for the rapidity of the policy diffusion.

This essay is essentially an analytical comparison of economic and democratic values. The purpose of this is to understand whether or not a conflictof values is in effect, given that democratic values have been expressed as highly desirable and in need of reinforcement while simultaneously economic values in the shape of New Public Management enjoy widespread acceptance andimplementation.Denna text utgör ett försök att ställa demokratiska och ekonomiska värden mot varandra för att se om värdekonflikt föreligger i en situation då demokratiska värden uttryckts som önskvärda och i behov av förstärkning och där New PublicManagement, ett reformprogram som i grunden utgör ett försök att införa mekanismer för styrning och organisation som byggts på marknadsekonomiska värderingsprinciper i stor omfattning genomdrivits inom offentlig sektor. I texten förs ett resonemang som når fram till slutsatsen att en värdekonflikt faktiskt på sätt och vis kan sägas föreligga mellan demokratiska och ekonomiska värdena om ekonomisk effektivitet inom offentlig sektor behandlas mindre som ett medel för demokrati, än som ett mål i sig självt. Frågan visar sig i slutändan handla om användandet av en ny normativ logik som inte är fullt kompatibla med den kontext den försöks infogas i..

This masters thesis is a study of official political documents in order to discuss privatisation and the Swedish public libraries. In the 1990s public libraries became placed on contractors, and that was said to be one form of privatisation. The main issue for this study concerns driving forces and obstacles for privatisation of public libraries. Another issue concerns advantages and risks. We will also discuss how the future of public libraries will be in this context.

Due to globalization, decentralization and the capitalist system's need to physical location cities have become increasingly important economic spheres during thee last decades. City mayors are seen as increasingly important actors, who can shape the future economic development of their cities through networking with businesses and strategic policy development. Therefore several European countries have introduced mayor reforms to enable mayors to take a bigger responsibility for the local development. These reforms raise interesting questions concerning what leadership changes they produce at the local level and if there is a difference between local leaders and leadership in different countries. This paper further explores the connection between the local leader and the locality since this relationship often has been neglect in studies concerning mayor reforms.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida Kina har lyckats implementera den lagstiftning IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) som togs i bruk 2001. Vidare undersöks de effekter som lagen har haft på viljan att satsa resurser och medel på FoU. I uppsatsen redogörs det för de för- och nackdelar som en stärkt IPRs lagstiftning medför. Bland de fördelar som nämns läggs tonvikten på teknologiöverföring, teknologi som överförs från utvecklade länder till utvecklingsländer genom bland annat import av varor. Bland de nackdelar som nämns finns de stora kostnader som implementeringen av lagstiftningen medför.

För en djupare förståelse av bestämningsfaktorerna modelleras i denna uppsats vårduppsökande med en ansats inspirerad av Grossmans artikel "On the concept of health capital and the for health" från 1972. Benägenheten att söka vård anses vara härledd från efterfrågad nivå av hälsokapital, vilket bestäms av produktivitet i hälsoproduktionen och skuggpriset av kapitalet. Förutom Grossmans huvudvariabler ?ålder, utbildning och inkomst? innefattar modellen också både alternativa investeringar och humankapital samthälsonedsättande konsumtion och demografiska variabler. Med data från Region Skåne analyseras detta genom en ekonometrisk modell uppbyggd i tre steg.

In this essay a model of a potential illegal hunter?s decision-making is created and presented in order to provide an overview of important parts of the complexities associated with the current Swedish predator policy. A comparison is made between a livestock owner?s economic incentives, and the expected costs faced by the potentially caught lawbreaker. In accordance with economic theory the benefits and costs of illegal hunting are compared and thus the optimal choice is determined where marginal costs and benefits are equal.

In 1998 the Swedish Socialist Government initiated a project in order to promote economic growth and to end the discriminating social and ethnic segregation in the greater city regions of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. One of the goals of the project was and still is to promote political participation in 24 of the poorest areas of the three cities. In a quantitative analysis I evaluate whether or not the project so far has been successful in promoting a specific part of political participation, i.e. electoral participation in communal elections. The results of the 24 poor city areas are compared with a group of 14 likewise poor city areas of major swedish cities.According to my hypothesis, general improvements of the socio-economic status of poor city areas ought to generate positive effects on electoral participation in communal elections.

Our exam paper is about young adults? use of intensifiers in school papers. The theoretical background includes previous research about intensifiers in the Swedish language and above all young adults? use of intensifiers. We have chosen to focus on all intensifying expressions which young adults? use, because we did not want to limit our research material.