Ericsson develops a new stripline directional coupler. Its design is described in appendix B and differs from the directional couplers Ericsson uses in current products. The new directional coupler will be used for transmission power measurement in future UMTS 3G base stations.The most important parts of directional coupler theory are presented. It is necessary to study this theory to understand how the coupler works and how it should be designed to get good performance.Optimal directional coupler termination component values to get high directivity and broad directivity bandwidth have been investigated.The trim screws trim ranges have been studied.A simple analysis of serial production performance when termination component tolerances are taken into consideration has been done.The resistance components reactive (inductive/capacitive) characteristics at 2.14 GHz have been analyzed.The directivity performance limitations of the directional coupler, when Ericsson?s band pass filter is connected, are investigated.Design changes leading to better performance are proposed.

Det finns många faktorer som påverkar hur svårlöst en konflikt är. Vi undersöker en av dem, nämligen skuggnätverken, genom att titta på kausalsambandet mellan skuggnätverk och staters olika uppbyggnadsprocesser. Begreppet skuggnätverk är en adaption av Nordstroms ?shadows? ? det vill säga ekonomiska och politiska länkar som på både lokal och internationell nivå rör sig utanför de statliga direktiven. Genom att studera skuggnätverkens utbredning i fyra afrikanska länder: Sydafrika, Kongo, Angola och Sierra Leone, ser vi de effekter som de har haft på de ekonomiska, politiska och sociala områdena i respektive länder.

Background: The starting point of the thesis is the growing importance of negotiations that serve to establish a relationship between the parties involved as companies? business activities are getting more complex. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to find and to analyze which elements are of importance for parties, when creating a successful negotiation with regard to building long-term relationships, and if those elements differ for sales and procurement negotiations in companies with business activities of various kinds. Research method: The study was realized with the help of twelve qualitative interviews. Result: The elements of importance when creating a successful negotiation with regard to building long-term relationships were mainly elements of co-operation and to some extent elements of competition.

The aim of the study was to examine the competence of dental hygienists among Clinic Director´s within the Public Dental Service and Private dentists in the county of Skåne . The study was quantitative and consisted of an electronic questionnaire sent out to all Clinic Directors in the county of Skåne. A total of five hundred and thirty eight questionnaires were sent out. The inclusion criteria were the Clinic directors who employed dental hygienists who had obtained their professional degree during the last four years. Twenty nine Clinic directors responded to the study.The results showed that in general clinic directors are pleased and feel that dental hygienists are proficient in periodontology and dental caries diagnostics.

Near Field Communication, NFC, is a short-range wireless communication technology that enables data exchange between devices in a secure way. A NFC phone has the potential to enable the convergence of wallet, phone and keys, but as many other technological innovations, the launch is struggling. We have discovered that technological innovation is only the first step. For an innovation to be adapted, there need to be business model innovation too. Many actors form the ecosystem of NFC and the business model for each service is still an unsolved problem.

The ability for companies to anticipate the future and stay in the forefront of the competition is essential for successful business. The tool of Environmental Scanning is basics in the process of developing prescriptive strategies as well as vital in evolving emergent strategies. The complexity lies in gathering relevant information and transforming the information into adequate data, which can be utilised by management to optimise strategies. The purpose of this study is to scrutinise how successfully operating Swedish manufacturing companies, listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange?s ?Large Cap?-list, organise their Environmental Scanning actions and how this affects the development of strategies. Prior research on the subject has been used as foundation to presenting relevant theories.

En kvalitativ intervjuundersökning har genomförts på fyra lärare på två gymnasieskolor som alla har kopplingar till ämnet svenska som andraspråk. Vårt resultat visar att det råder betydande skillnader på hur undervisningen i svenska som andraspråk ser ut på respektive skola samthur indelningen av vilka elever som ska läsa ämnet går till. På den ena skolan råder det stor okunskap om ämnet och lärarna upplever att de saknar både stöd och information kring undervisningens utformning vilket resulterar i en ofullständig svenska som andraspråksundervisning. Vår slutsats är att det är alarmerande att det saknas behöriga lärare inom ämnet (samtliga intervjuade saknar full behörighet) samtidigt som behovet av svenska som andraspråksundervisning är stort. Vi tror även att det krävs tydligare riktlinjer kring ämnets utformning för att kunna kvalitetssäkra undervisningen.Fortsatt forskning kan förslagsvis göras med rektorer och skolledning på fler skolor för att få en djupare insyn i hur pass stor okunskapen kring ämnet svenska som andraspråk är..

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether institutional ownership has an influence on CEO compensation in companies where the institutions have invested. In order to fulfil the purpose of the thesis a quantitative study was carried out within the Swedish corporate context where we have studied Swedish institutional investors and companies quoted on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Our period of study was the financial year of 2007.The empirical questions at issue is; Was there a connection between Swedish institutional ownership and the size of the CEO compensation, and, does Swedish institutional ownership lead to a certain type of CEO compensation in terms of structure?Our results did not suggest that an increased institutional ownership neither leads to a certain type of salary level nor a certain kind of salary structure. These results contradict earlier American research, which has been done within this area and has previously shown a secured connection.The reasons for our results may be many and it is difficult to state any concrete conclusions to why we received differing results.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur pedagoger tänker kring fenomenet samling. Jag ville också ta reda på hur musik skulle kunna användas i samlingar. För att ta reda på detta delades enkäter ut till olika förskolor i Malmö. Observationer genomfördes för att få exempel på hur musik kunde användas i en samling. Stor del av litteraturen har kretsat kring barns intresse, erfarenheter och aktiva barn kopplat till samlingar.

I takt med att varumärken fått en allt större betydelse i samhället har också definitionen av vad som kan utgöra ett varumärke breddats. Dagens varumärkeslagstiftning stadgar att alla former som kan anses ha en särskiljande funktion även kan bli föremål för varumärkesskydd så länge som ett antal utryckliga registreringshinder inte föreligger. Denna formulering inkluderar även varans egen formgivning varvid det finns risk för att varumärkesskyddet kan fungera som ett alternativ till exempelvis patent eller mönsterskydd. Varumärkesskyddet är inte tidsbegränsat, och det ställs heller inte några krav på nyskapande, vilket gör att varumärkesskyddet i de överlappande fallen dessutom kan anses som mer förmånligt än övriga immaterialrätter. Sett ur samhällets synvinkel är en sådan situation inte önskvärd eftersom den tekniska utvecklingen riskerar att hämmas.

The basic idea behind an extra year in school was to offer students who have not read nine years in Swedish primary school an opportunity to prepare themselves to pass a high school. This first group that went an extra year in school consisted of eleven students who completed their studies and went on to high school. During the time the group expanded, the school received students from various schools in the same municipality. During the follow-up of these groups could be noted that there were many students who registered, but only few students completed their studies and went on to high school. The purpose of this study was to explore why leadership in the classroom is important for students.

Kan egentligen ett varumärke bli för berömt? Så pass berömt att det förlorar sin varumärkesrättsliga ensamrätt? Varumärket spelar en allt större roll i ekonomin och i samhället. Företagen vill ständigt nå konkurrensfördelar genom att försöka säkerställa en marknadsposition med väl ansedda och berömda varumärken. Varumärkesrätten har anpassat sig efter denna ordning genom att utvidga skyddet för kända varumärken. Samtidigt är det nästan uteslutande välkända varumärken som förlorar sitt varumärkesskydd genom degeneration.

This diploma work addresses the question of how much energy is spent whenmanufacturing the components of a building as well as of how much energy is used inthe production of a building. The object of the studies is BioCentrum at the SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences in Ultuna just outside the city of Uppsala. The aimof the work was to investigate how much energy was consumed when manufacturingand production in relation to the management, how many years the production wasrepresented. It was also a study in how mature the construction industry is to answerhow much energy was consumed in manufacturing.In order to get these answers a question form was developed and sent to thesuppliers to BioCentrum. In this form they were to respond to the quantity suppliedto BioCentrum and the amount of energy was spent when manufacturing thecomponents.

Engineers are a group of individuals who are attractive when companies are in need for competence in technology. Today it is a shortage of these competences in the labor market. Because of this there has grown a competition among companies when they strive to recruit the best engineers. Therefore companies spend more resources on marketing themselves as an attractive employer. This study was set out to find what engineers think is an attractive employer through a demographic perspective.

    The purpose of this essay is to examine trust, or lack of trust, in the social services. Previous research considering this topic is limited, which, in our point of view, implies the need of further studies. A quantative method was used, consisting of an online questionnaire containing statements about the social services. The statements were designed using a five level Likert-scale which required the respondent to rate their level of agreement. The questionnaire was published on five webcommunities directed to parents.