The principle of proportionality is a guideline to interpret laws and agreements. The guideline has emerged within the EC-law as a moral aid to interpret laws. During the development of the guideline the EC Court of Justice has had the expression "appropriate and necessary" in mind. To consider the act as proportional it must fullfill the purpose, but not be more invasive than necessary. The advantage of the act must be proportional to the risk of damage.

Since the first wolf was taken as a companion animal a lot have happened with the biology of these animals. Is it possible that changes in the gut microbiota of the domestic dog are involved in the increasing numbers of animals with gastrointestinal disorders? Probiotics have been proven to promote the immune system of dogs by increasing concentrations of neutrophils and monocytes, decreasing the fragility of erythrocytes and increasing the serum IgG concentrations. Probiotics have also been shown to improve the fecal consistency, fecal dry matter and defecation frequency of dogs. The aim of this study was to find out if the bacterial counts in the gut of dogs differed from the gut of wolves, with the focus on lactobacilli.

People in today?s society are becoming more and more aware of how important it is to use energy as efficiently as possible. This is clearly noticeable by an increase in home produced heat with e.g. solar panels or heat pumps heating systems. These changing customer demands forces district heating technology to be redesigned, which is why there is an ongoing research regarding the next generation of district heating - low temperature district heating (LTDH).

Diabetes mellitus is a rising epidemic throughout the world and there is currently great interest in quantifying the beta-cell mass (BCM) in vivo non-invasively. In the present experiment, the feasibility of in vivo imaging of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in beta-cells was examined, using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-exendin-4 as a marker, in native pancreatic beta-cells of a porcine diabetic animal model and healthy controls. Eight Swedish high-health domestic pigs were randomly assigned to be either controls or made diabetic using streptozotocin (STZ). The experiment proceeded during eight weeks, starting with an acclimatisation period. Once the pigs had been socialised they underwent surgery for the insertion of a jugular vein catheter, allowing induction of diabetes with STZ, intravenous (i.v.) injections and stress-free blood sampling. Development of diabetes was confirmed by clinical examinations, blood glucose values and insulin-staining of pancreatic sections post mortem. The diabetic pigs were insulin treated and responded well.

A district heating plant has the advantage that it can take advantage of the waste heat from industries and use of cheap fuels to produce heat. But for the long term is competitive requires that energy is also saved in district heating plants. One way to save energy in a district heating system is to increasing cooling to the return temperature. This leads to less power needed to drive the distribution pumps,  and that more energy could be extracted from the same amount of fuel by an improved flue gas condensation.In Karlskoga the return temperature into the district heating plant is high. They would therefore reduce the return temperature in order to extract more energy from the flue gases.

In 1993, Sweden signed the Convention on Biological Diversity and thus agreed to conserve our indigenous biological diversity. As a part of the convention, Sweden is obliged to conserve a number of domestic animal breeds and among them the Linderöd pig. In 1952, the zoo, Skånes Djurpark, took care of a pregnant sow that was regarded to be related to the old "forest pig". The old forest pig was thought to have been extinguished by the early 20th century as a result of the ban on boars not approved by state inspectors. However, according to later accounts, several farmers still kept some of these non-approved pigs.

The housing sector of today represents for almost 40% of the energy consumption, an energy consumption of which the major part consists of non-renewable energy sources. This is not sustainable and utilization of new energy-efficient technologies in buildings can be a step in the right direction, towards a sustainable energy society.This report has been made on behalf of and in cooperation with Älvstranden Utveckling AB in Gothenburg to examine how future energy-efficient technologies can affect the energy demand in energy-efficient multi-dwelling buildings.The report is based on Älvstrandens passive house, Hamnhuset, a house whose energy consumption is far below the BBR's requirements. The report looks at the opportunities for improvement within windows, insulation, solar energy technologies, as well as white goods. Computer simulations are then made to apply the selected technologies into a reference building. Technologies are selected from an energy efficient perspective and no account has been taken of other aspects such as the economy.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder affecting a range of different mammals, including dogs, cats, horses and humans. Worldwide, 347 million people have diabetes, and the disease is an increasing burden on the world?s poorest countries. The disease is characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia and afflicted individuals experience increased thirst, polyuria and weight loss, sometimes despite increased appetite. Diabetes mellitus is either insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent.

Hästar är flocklevande djur i det vilda, trots detta hålls de i fångenskap ofta ensamma under stora delar av dygnet. Att hästar hindras från att ha fysisk kontakt med andra individer är inte ovanligt. Många hästägare är rädda för att deras häst ska komma till skada då de går i hage tillsammans med andra hästar. Den här litteraturstudien syftar till att ta reda på hur hästens sociala beteende påverkas av olika inhysningsformer och skötselrutiner. Utöver svaren på detta syftar översikten också till att avgöra om hästägarnas rädsla för skador på sina djur orsakade av andra hästar är befogad. Tama hästar tillbringar färre timmar om dagen med att äta och att förflytta sig jämfört med vilda hästar.

Syfte: Vårt syfte med studien har varit att studera olika behandlingsmetoder för män i olika sociala verksamheter i Göteborg. Dessa verksamheter använder sig av behandlingsprogrammen ATV, Alternativ til vold, och IDAP, Integrated Domestic Abuse Programme, för att motverka mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer.Frågeställningar: - Vad har behandlarna för förklaringsmodeller till uppkomsten av mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer?- Hur beskrivs och hur påverkar de aktuella behandlingsmetoderna männen utifrån behandlarnas perspektiv?- Vad anser behandlarna att det finns för möjligheter respektive svårigheter med behandlingen?Teorianknytning: Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av följande teorier; den ekologiska förklaringsmodellen, anknytningsteori, social inlärningsteori, generell systemteori, kommunikationsteori och teori om genus-/maktrelationer.Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod och genomförde intervjuer med hjälp utav en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Metoden anser vi är bäst lämpad för vår studie då den hjälper oss att fånga upp informanternas, det vill säga behandlarnas erfarenheter och kunskaper kring syftet med vår studie. Resultat: Samtliga informanter utgår från den ekologiska förklaringsmodellen, det vill säga att de ser orsaker till våldet utifrån olika nivåer alltifrån strukturer på samhälls- och genusnivå till förklaringar som har med faktorer under uppväxten att göra.

KRAV-certified organic dairy herds generally have a lower milk yield than conventional dairy herds. A high-level of milk yield requires a feeding regime with high amounts of concentrates, a factor known to contribute to the development of claw lesions (Bergsten, C. 2003). The aim of this study was to compare claw health between organic and conventional dairy herds in free and tie stall systems. The number of herds from different domestic animal health associations was chosen in proportion to the association´s total portion of Swedish dairy producing herds of each type, respectively.

The food industry is an important part of the Swedish economy, It is the fourth largest industry in Sweden in terms of number of employees and production value. Due to the increasing globalization, the Swedish food industry faces new conditions and challenges. Through the Swedish membership in the European Union in 1995 a whole new era of competition began for the Swedish agriculture and food industry. Markets that previously were closed now opened. In retrospect, it should be noted that the Swedish food industry managed well.

Mastitis in dairy cows is an emerging and challenging disease in the tropics, including India. Nation-wide reports suggest that the incidence of clinical mastitis varies from 3.94% to 23.25%, and for subclinical mastitis from 15.78% to 81.60%. In Assam, a northeastern province of India, dairy is an essential part of the mixed farming system that exists in the state, but the milk yield is far below domestic standards. In 2009-2010, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and local associates started to develop a training program for local farmers in Assam, in order to enhance the informal bovine dairy sector in and around Guwahati, India. The project continued until mid-2013.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att dels undersöka vid vilken ålder färdiga spermier börjar ses i sädeskanalerna i testiklarna hos hankatter och dels undersöka om immunohistokemi med GATA-4-antikroppar kan användas som hjälpmedel för att särskilja på olika celltyper i sädesepitelet vid spermieutvecklingsstudier hos katt. För att besvara den första frågeställningen undersöktes H&E-färgade testikelpreparat från 46 normalkastrerade hankatter med en ålder på mellan 2,5 månader och 5 år. Undersökningen gjordes med hjälp av ett ljusmikroskop med 100-1000 gångers förstoring. Spermieförekomst observerades hos 0/3 katter som var yngre än 5 månader, 2/4 katter som var 5 ? 5,5 månader gamla, 7/7 katter som var 6 ? 6,5 månader gamla, 6/8 katter som var 7 månader gamla och 23/24 katter som var 8 månader eller äldre. Slutsatsen i denna studie var att det finns en individuell variation för när spermier börjar ses i testiklarna hos hankatter men generellt börjar inte spermier dyka upp förrän tidigast när hankatterna uppnått 5 månaders ålder och vid 8 månaders ålder har generellt alla hankatter spermier. För att besvara den andra frågeställningen genomfördes GATA-4-immunohistokemi på paraffininbäddade testikelpreparat från 21 normalkastrerade hankatter med en ålder på mellan 4,5 månader och 5 år.

Food insecurity is a great problem worldwide and Ethiopia is one of the sub-saharan countries that are suffering from poverty and food insecurity and a large part of the population are living in a state of undernourishment. To reduce these problems, a successful horticulture production can be an important factor. Compared to other crops, fruit production in Ethiopia has not been a large part of the agricultural sector. However, the demand on the domestic market is increasing as well as the production for avocado and mango. To increase food security it is important to focus on ways to decrease post-harvest losses of food products and not only have the productivity of agriculture in focus.