Snö och permafrost är två interagerande komponenter i Kryosfären. Studien undersökersnödjupets representativitet vid marktemperaturmätningar under snötäcket (BTS) föridentifiering av permafrost i Tarfala, norra Sverige. Snödjupsmätningar har utfördes itvå korsande 20 m transekter i nordsydlig (NS) samt östvästlig (ÖV) riktning utifrån enBTS-punkt. Totalt har 37 BTS (snödjup > 80 cm) med tillhörande snödjupsmätningarregistrerats och analyserats. Snödjupet varierar både lokalt kring mätpunkten ochregionalt i mättransekter men är ändå ett representativt snödjup för en punkt.Representativa BTS, sett ur ett snödjupsperspektiv, bör registreras på platser medmåttlig snödjupsvariation som på platser med homogent markunderlag, vindskyddadeområden, lä bakom ryggar och sluttningar vinkelräta mot den dominerandevindriktningen.BTS provplatser bör också ta hänsyn till de mest förekommande klasserna avparametrarna altitud, sluttning och slutningsriktning för att erhålla representativa BTS.Detta baserat på jämförelse mellan två strategier för insamling av BTS genompermafrostmodellering mellan två dataset.

Steam was used as a site preparation method to eliminate unwanted bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in the boreal forest. The efficiency of steam to suppress bilberry was compared with prescribed burning and cutting the bilberry. Different combinations of steaming and/or cutting the bilberry were set up to investigate in which way steaming and cutting influenced the sprouting and regrowth of bilberry. The regrowth of the bilberry vegetation was monitored for 40 month. Steam was most efficient in suppressing bilberry.

Successful companies are built upon successful individuals. It is these individuals that will create, developand grow the companies and organizations of tomorrow. The primary aim of this paper is to highlight someof the key characteristics of extraordinary entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs, as well as gain a deeper understandingof what motivates them, from a time and goal-oriented perspective. Despite the importance of theseindividuals and their massive impact on society's future, there is still a lot that hasn't been investigatedregarding their entrepreneurial drive, from an academic perspective. A comparison between two groups ofindividuals was made, with a total of twenty in-depth interviews.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe how an entrepreneur and leader, transmits a vision through communication. Furthermore what kind of feedback the leader finds that he/she acquire. We want to study how entrepreneurship and leadership appears at a private preschool and how the entrepreneur and leader use it to communicate his/her vision.This thesis is based on qualitative method using one in-depth interview with CEO at Helianthus AB, documents and one observation at a parental meeting. The theories of which this study is based on consist of entrepreneurship, transformational and transactional leadership, vision and communication. The theories used in this thesis regard entrepreneurship, transformational and transactional leadership, vision and communication.Our study strengthened the assumption that our respondent is an entrepreneur and leader according to chosen theories.

The purpose of this study is to highlight how Swedish primary school teachers teach of and about democracy and based on this then compare with how the primary school teachers in South Africa teaches of and about democracy. This comparison will then highlight what can be developed in the teaching of and about democracy in Swedish schools. The method used in this study is mind maps because it gives a greater depth in the way teachers look at teaching democracy. The result of this comparison is that South Africa's history pervades the entire democracy education in school but both Sweden and South Africa use methods as dialogue and discussion in teaching of and about democracy. Furthermore, the community, curriculum, teacher and cooperation with other teachers also have an influence on how democracy's teaching looks like in schools.

Previous research has focused limited attention on how personality affects job search for university educated people in work and no studies have focused on the difference between active and passive job seekers. This survey-based study that examined university educated economists and engineers with 5-25 years of experience, showed that career ambition mediated active job search for the personality dimensions of openness, agreeableness and extraversion and also gave clear evidence that active job seekers have lower levels of job satisfaction, and higher levels of career ambition, agreeableness and extraversion, compared with passive job seekers. These findings provide a more nuanced picture of the impact of different recruitment strategies and provide a starting point for in-depth studies on passive job seekers.

The study has examined how some immigrants have managed to reestablish their professional careers in Sweden. Through in-depth-interviewing with six immigrant informants representing different genders, age and professional experience the process of successfully reestablishing a career within the same professional area in Sweden as in their native country is examined.The study looked at structural and individual possibilities and obstacles which affected the individual. In addition the study looked at the personal characteristics and strategies used by the informants to overcome and succeed in adapting and reestablishing their working life.  The study has drawn on human capital and social capital theory for a basic understanding of how education and skills affect. In addition the informants have surpassed structural barriers affecting many other immigrants.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how Swedish retail companies work with CSR internationally.The study also sought to explore the opportunities and challenges that exist, and the stakeholders that motivate companies CSR commitment.The theoretical framework is composed of international CSR guidelines of the OECD and the UN, Carroll's CSR pyramid and three-stage model and Freeman's stakeholder theory. Furthermore a qualitative research approach was applied where four in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from Axfood, Löfbergs Lila, Oriflame and CSR Sweden.Finally, the study demonstrated the conclusion that the companies CSR strategies are structured in a similar way regardless of the market. CSR attract and retain workers, create a good reputation for brands and results in working conditions, living standards and environmental improvements. Difficulties, however, are the complexity of being able to control each partner and manage differences in language, laws and culture between countries. Finally there are a number of stakeholders that motivate companies to work with CSR, of which shareholders are considered the most important..

The purpose of this master thesis is to describe the professional and literary life of Karl-Gunnar Wall, city librarian of Katrineholm between 1944 and 1975. Questions at issue are the reasons for Walls literary interests, Walls choice of occupation, crucial personal meetings, the context in which Wall acts, Walls fundamental principles as a librarian and as a critic, and the features comprising Walls life history. The method used is a merely qualitative one called "life history". It is founded on in-depth interviews with the persons involved and emanates from the individuals own story about his life. I have carried out three taped interviews; one with Wall himself, and two with his colleagues.

It becomes increasingly more difficult to stand out among the personal sites on the internet today and to become the one who actually gets remembered in the crowd. To be remembered, you need to have a useful website but also a creative appearance added to it.In this practical thesis I have focused on how a website should look like according to users and then added a creative look to the user-friendly website. The purpose of the study is to find out how to connect a useful website with a creative appearance. In order to do that, I first had to find out what users actually want. I used a survey in which I have asked questions about how a website should look like.

Insecticides will be removed from Swedish forestry, at present insecticides are used to treat our seedlings to avoid them from being attacked by pine weevils. With the forthcoming ban on insecticides alternative protective measures will have to be tested. Holmen Forest Ltd has aimed to find an alternative and have developed a mechanic pine weevils protection accessory as well as a new concept on planting pipes. Studies have been conducted on the behalf of Holmen Forest Ltd to see how planting with the newly developed mechanical protectors and plant pipe stands up against the conventional methods used today. The study was conducted over a three week period. Three factors were compared regarding planting quality including i) pressure around the plant, ii) the depth the plant ended up in, iii) plant angle. Mechanical plant pipes were used in the study, and where tested like a one-handed and a two-handed pipe. The study concludes that further development is needed for the mechanic plant protector to live up to the speed and quality of conventional methods.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Preoperativ fasta har under många år varit en traditionell metod för att minska risken för aspiration medan patienten är under generell anestesi och för att eliminera risken för postoperativ illamående och kräkningar. Studier visar att trots riktlinjer och rekommendationer gällande preoperativ fasta fastar många patienter i onödan i flera dagar än nödvändigt. Detta kan orsaka skador och obehag hos patienten som till exempel: törst, huvudvärk, illamående, svaghet och trötthet.Syfte: Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka hur patienter upplever fasta mer än 12 timmar innan en akutoperation.Metod: Arbetet hade en kvalitativ ansats där 12 patienter som genomgått akut operation inkluderades. Data samlades in genom en semistrukturerad intervju, med hjälp av öppna frågor enligt en intervjuguide och analyserades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman.Resultat: Analyserna resulterade i fyra kategorier: Preoperativ information, upplevelse av fasta, hantering av preoperativ fasta och upplevelse av preoperativ tid och åtta underkategorier: Bristfällig information, tillräcklig information, bristfällig kunskap trots tidigare vårderfarenhet, fysisk påverkan, psykisk påverkan, strategi, väntetid och fastetid.Slutsats: Deltagarna i studien upplevde brist på information och kunskaper om den preoperativa fastans betydelse. Studien visade att patienterna som väntade på akut operation på akutvårdsavdelning fastade längre än nödvändigt trots riktlinjer och rekommendationer gällande preoperativ fasta från Svensk förening för Anestesi och Intensivvård (SFAI).

The purpose of this BA-thesis was to learn the differences in news broadcasts between one public service radio channel and two commercial radio channels. To do this we used a quantitative analysis method to examine the content of the news broadcasts and then we conducted in-depth interviews with several people working with the different radio channels using a qualitative research interview method to learn their views on news and news broadcasting.We measured the differences between the channels in six areas: subject, headline, news presentation, gender, advertising and sources.Our two main theories were normative theory and media logic.The results found that there were several major differences between the public service radio channel and the two commercial radio channels. Apart from several important differences in the six measured categories we also found that the sound and tone in the public service radio channel was very different from the two commercial radio channels.We also found the public service radio channels news broadcasts to be more serious than the two commercials ones?..

This essay is an in-depth, qualitative study concerned with questions about female ?class-travellers?. A class-traveller is a person who is born and raised in a particular social class but changes his/her social belonging through studies, marriage etc. In this study I have interviewed three female class-travellers, all of which have made their ?journey? through studies at the University of Lund.The study is an attempt to enrich the research-field of class-travelling by applying a feminist perspective, and by making women's voices about class-travelling heard.

Background: The recent years in the Swedish Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry have been characterized by a palpable shift in power balance, favouring the retailers. Since the shift in power balance has strengthened the negotiation position of the retailers, the suppliers now have to, to a greater extent than before, accommodate to the retailers? goals, whether they be financial or strategic. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate how this recent power shift has affected the relationships of suppliers and retailers. This development has resulted in the rather new and unexplored area of retailer value, which this study further aimed to explore.