This essay focuses on the implementation of the strategy gender mainstreaming in the European Union and the member states. It starts to identify problems connected to the implementation process and recognizes significant prerequisites for an efficient implementation of the strategy. The main problems and prerequisites are: political will, governance and structure and knowledge about gender equality. The empirical material consists of reports from the EU that touches upon gender mainstreaming and gender equality. The problems and prerequisites will be analysed in relation to the governance perspectives top-down and bottom-up and expert bureaucratic and participative democratic and gender and feminism.

Abstract Title:                       Grades at Primary School ? A study of local politicians' arguments in                       connection with the division into grades at Swedish primary schools.Author:                       Annie LinderUniversity of KalmarC-essay in Social StudiesAutumn 2011 The study aims to investigate local politicians' decisions since municipalities took overSwedish primary education in 1990/91. The arguments put forward in support of how stages are organised have been studied, likewise whether municipalities have acted rationally when making their decisions.Six municipalities are included in the survey. They were divided into three educational categories: lower, middle and high level schools; previous and recent schools and F9 schools with pre-schools and primary schools integrated.Minutes from politicians' and civil servants' meetings have been studied and categorised according to arguments for and against. The most common supportive arguments are about economy and organisation, others concern school premises, trends and the wish for a comprehensive compulsory school.

Due to the obvious fact that one can never be hundred percent sure of what's hiddenunder the ground surface, construction work is naturally hard to project.However, many of the work methods are executed in the same way on variousprojects. The department of construction work at JM AB region öst describes a lackof follow-ups and feedback between the calculators and production managers.In this thesis we have studied the communication between these groups and alsohow they share experiences and knowledge. In order to get the full pictureof the day-to-day operations we used three methods to gather information. Studyingliterature gave basic knowledge of theories about feedback, and thenecessity of working with giving feedback. In order to understand the process ofconstruction work we made several interviews, both structured and nstructured.

Denna uppsats är skriven inom ramen för den tekniska specialiseringen vid Försvarshögskolan och är en deskriptiv och komparativ studie av möjligheterna för Marinen att skaffa satellitkommunikationssystem.Marinen har i takt med nya uppgifter fått behov av ett autonomt sambandssystem som kan användas som komplement vid internationella operationer. För att kunna deltaga inom ramen för NATO-ledda fredsbevarande operationer är satellitkommunikationssystem  t.o.m. ett krav som Marinen i dagsläget inte klarar av att fylla.Den säkerhetspolitiska utvecklingen och en förändrad hotbild gör att utnyttjande av ett helt civilt system är ett kostnadseffektivt och realistiskt alternativ. Geostationära satelliter utgör då fortfarande det bästa valet med hänsyn till täckningsområde och driftsäkerhet. Operationsområdet styr vilken operatör man väljer, men inriktningen bör vara en svensk satellit eller en satellit med svensk delägande.Tekniskt sett skall systemet vara uppbyggt kring hyllvara (COTS).

Internationell statistik från incidentorganisationer och polisiära myndigheter visar att antaletavsiktliga intrång och intrångsförsök i datorer eller nätverk av datorer generellt ökar mellan 60och 100 procent årligen. IT-kriminaliteten ökar i motsvarande omfattning. Att intrång kangenomföras visar att nuvarande konventionella skyddsmetoder inte alltid är tillräckliga.Försvarsmakten, som alltmer ökar sitt beroende av IT, påverkas såväl direkt som indirekt avdenna utveckling.I denna uppsats genomförs en översiktlig inventering och beskrivning av ett antalkonventionella och vilseledande skyddsmetoder för datorer eller nätverk av datorer. Syftet är attvärdera på vilket/vilka sätt vilseledande skyddsmetoder, i förhållande till konventionella, bidrartill ökad informationssäkerhet för Försvarsmakten. Respektive skyddsmetod värderas mot ettantal förmågor, som ur ett informationssäkerhetsperspektiv bedömts önskvärda.

Slovenia and Latvia are two examples of countries which have gone through a successful democratic transition. They were both under authoritarian rule and command economy up until their declarations of independence in the early 90s. Today they have a functional market economy and political pluralism. I have examined transition theories highlighted by Jonas Linde and Joakim Ekman and from these theories sought the explanations to what lies behind the successful transitions of these two countries. The transition in Slovenia was affected by liberalization from within the ruling communist party which then controlled much of the transition process. A relatively large civil society and the fact that Slovenia was not involved in the Balkan War also contributed to the short process.

Denna uppsats behandlar hur utbildningen vid tekniskt chefsprogram har utförts avseende det tekniskainledande året samt tre alternativa sätt att genomföra denna utbildning. Dessa tre alternativa sätt utgörsav de tre utbildningsmodellerna:1. Problembaserat lärande2. Femstegsmodellen3. Tematisk utbildningSyftet med uppsatsen är att belysa hur utbildningen vid Tekniskt Chefsprogram skulle kunna utvecklasför att nå en bättre systemförståelse och helhetssyn för att förbereda officeren för nästa nivå.Ovanstående tre modeller har jag jämfört med utbildningen vid Teknisk Chefsprogram avseende för- ochnackdelar med utgångspunkt att målgruppen är officerare, som ska bli chefer eller handläggare tillchefer, i grund- och insatsorganisationen.Utifrån pedagogisk litteratur och utredningar, inom och utom Försvarsmakten, har jag kommit fram tillett antal faktorer som påverkar kraven och möjligheterna för officerare att verka efter genomfördutbildning, främst med fokus på framtiden och behovet av systemkunskap.

AbstractThe aim of our study was that from a Preschool Manager?s perspective to describe, analyze and understand the function of special education and the Special Education Teacher?s profession within preschools. We conducted twelve interviews with Preschool Managers in two northern Swedish municipalities. From a theoretical base, we used both the relational and categorical perspectives. All answers from these interviews have been analyzed from these perspectives.

The aim of this study is to investigate into the use of discussions in the classroom to help the pupils develop a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts and operations. The empirical data contain interviews with two teachers and observations from their lessons. The purpose of the interviews was to find out what importance the teachers ascribed to the ability of their pupils to talk about mathematics, and how they organised their classes to encourage mathematical discussions. With the observations, I was able to see the interaction in the classroom and hear discussions between the teacher and the pupils, as well as between the pupils themselves.The interviewed teachers proved to share my own belief in the results of researchers like Malmer (1999) and Löwing (2006) about the importance of verbal discussion, argumentation and reflection during mathematics classes. But convictions derived from the research of others are one thing, the practical application of the wisdom in the classroom another.

Few issues raise such an engagement as parking areas, both by the municipality, property- and car owners. For car owners, it is of great importance where to park his car. Parking is not simply about availability but also about safety, security and how it affects the urban environment.When the land will be utilized for building development, there are regulations in Chapter 8, § 9 PBL how parking will be provided. Property owners have an obligation to provide parking space and it shall be arranged in an equitable manner, on the site or near it, which gives an opportunity for shared parking facilities. The guidelines for parking that the municipality has adopted should be the starting point for the extent of that space for parking is required when a building permit review.The first thing you should look at, is if the property owner has ability to provide parking space at his own property, but this is not always the best solution in areas such as inner cities.

This is a study of the letters from His Majesty the King to the county governor of Gotland in 1735. In the Age of Liberty the king had limited power. Royal decisions were made with the Council of the Realm where the King only had the advantage of having two votes and a casting vote. Furthermore, the Council had to act according to the decisions of the Estates of Parliament, if at least three of the four Estates were in agreement. The duties of the county governor were set out in a detailed instruction of which the most recent version was issued in 1734.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar valet av anskaffningsform och med hjälpav dragna slutsatser analysera en direktanskaffning av ett föreslaget framtida materielsystem samt konsekvenserna aven sådan anskaffning. Använd metod är att redovisa ett underlag bestående av svensk säkerhets- och försvarspolitik,svensk och utländsk försvarsindustri, svenskt materielsamarbete, materielprocessen och teknisk utveckling. En analysav underlaget identifierar olika faktorer som påverkar materielförsörjningen och de olika anskaffningsformerna. Medstöd av underlaget diskuteras sedan anskaffningsformerna ur tre olika strategiska perspektiv och konsekvenserna av endirektanskaffning av ett materielsystem. Resultatet visar på ett ökande behov av utveckling i samverkan med andraländer avseende framtagning av nya materielsystem.

SUMMARYPrevious research has shown that there is a connection between the doorways and postoperative wound infections. Despite recommendations from Socialstyrelsen and the individual hospitals' PM there is still high traffic in the operating theatres. In a hybrid theatre environment combined X-ray techniques of surgery, resulting in it being further two categories inside the operating theatre. This may generate an increase in traffic flow. The study is a prospective, non-participant observation study conducted in the spring of 2013 at a university hospital in western Sweden.

This is a study on the outcome of the Swedish Forest Agency´s mission to provide individual advice to private land owners about precommercial thinning. The study was conducted in Sala municipality and included forest owners that had received private individual advice from a Swedish Forest Agency consultant as well as forest owners that had not received individual advice. One of the central issues was to make comparisons between these two groups. The survey was carried out by telephone interviews combined with a smaller field study. The questions were designed to provide information about to what degree the forest owners had been affected by the advice and if there had been a change in the way in which precommercial thinning was performed. In terms of the amount of precommercial thinning that had been carried out, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups.

Den amerikanska doktrinen FM3-24 beskriver hur en operation inom COIN-konceptet kan genomföras och hur befälhavaren kan använda doktrinen som stöd i genomförande och planering av operationer. Doktrinen är utvecklad med stöd av de lärdomar som amerikanska trupper dragit i 2000-talets konflikter i Irak och Afghanistan, och doktrinen används idag som stöd i de pågående insatserna. Under 1990-talets konflikt i Somalia fanns inte denna doktrin. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det kan spåras lärdomar redan från 1990-talets Somalia till utformandet av den nu utvecklade amerikanska doktrinen FM3-24. Resultatet visar att likheter finns i hur operationer enligt FM3-24 skall genomföras, dock är olikheterna de som är mest tydliga. Många av de steg som beskrivs i doktrinen har under insatsen avvikit helt eller vartefter insatsen fortskred. En orsak till det kan vara att amerikanska trupper under början av 1990-talet inte hade samma erfarenhet av COIN-insatser som de hade när doktrinen under 2000-talet utvecklades. I slutet av studien presenteras tänkta ?lessons learned? som kan vara bidragande till doktrinens utformning.  .