The Cell cycle is the time a Cell spends between two Cell divisions. The Cell cycle includes several parallel processes, all of which must be completed before a Cell is mature for dividing. In the first place, all subcomponents (RNA, protein and membrane lipids) need to double in quantity and this occurs continuously through the Cell cycle. Furthermore, the genome and some chromosomal proteins must double and this take place during a limited interval in the middle of the Cell cycle (S-phase). On either side of the S-phase are two "gaps" which is called G1 and G2. When the Cell has passed a point in the G-phase they are irreversibly programmed to progress through the remaining of the Cell cycle and will undergo the next Cell division. When a Cell have passed a point in the G1 phase, approximately four hours after mitosis, a normal Cell is in a state of indecision.

Today?s Cell phones include more and more functionality, it is no longer uncommon to be able to connect to the Internet or take photos with the Cell phone. In this thesis the question is if the Cell phone users are interested in this new functionality. Are there people who are interested in a Cell phone that in this thesis is called ?Basmobilen? (the entry level phone), which include the following functions; phone call, SMS, phone book, calling lists, clock and the possibility to change the call signal.

The complexity of the mast Cell is becoming more prominent. From being the Cell recognized just to contribute to allergic inflammation it is now also associated with wound healing, protection against tumor growth and in recognition and defense against a wide range of pathogens. The location of the mast Cell in the barrier between the external and internal environment of the body enables the Cell to quickly respond to invading bacteria, virus and parasites. Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli infection, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, Newcastle disease and bovine respiratory syncytial virus are examples of mast Cell activating diseases that can affect animals in, as well as outside, the agricultural sector. Additionally, ticks and tick-borne diseases are of concern.

This report describes a Bachelor thesis work in which a robotised laser welding Cell has been modelled and simulated for the purpose of making a presentation movie. The report shows that the work has been concentrated on making the movie from the modelling phase through the recording of the movie and ending up with the editing of the final presentation movie. A pre-study was made prior the Bachelor thesis work. In the pre-study a literature study was conducted about measurement and calibration of a welding Cell. Measurement of almost all equipment in the entire Cell was also conducted in the pre-study.

Oxytocin is a hormone which plays a crucial role in many reproductive and behavioural functions. It affects many organs and the classical peripheral targets are the mammary glands during lactation and uterus during labour. Oxytocin receptors have recently been described in a variety of normal tissues and primary Cell cultures, but also in neoplastic tissues and established neoplastic Cell lines, as breast cancer Cell lines. The signalling pathways and biological effects of the oxytocin/oxytocin receptor system seem to depend on species, type of tissue, physiological versus neoplastic state and receptor location within the Cell membrane.The aim of this project was to find out if the Cell proliferation in the canine mammary carcinoma Cell line CMT-U27 was affected upon stimulation of oxytocin, and to investigate the presence of oxytocin receptors in these Cells. The Cell proliferation was examined by using an ELISA-kit, where the absorbance measured is relative to the amount of living Cells.

Today?s Cell phones include more and more functionality, it is no longer uncommon to be able to connect to the Internet or take photos with the Cell phone. In this thesis the question is if the Cell phone users are interested in this new functionality. Are there people who are interested in a Cell phone that in this thesis is called ?Basmobilen? (the entry level phone), which include the following functions; phone call, SMS, phone book, calling lists, clock and the possibility to change the call signal.

When a company in the manufactory industry makes costly investments, it's important that these are used as much as possible. The company in this case claims that their invested robot Cell, with CNC machine isn't used enough. The questions here are: How can we improve the use of the robot Cell? Which products are appropriate for the production in the robot Cell? As a method to come to a conclusion, an analysis has been made over the manufactured products. And also interviews with machine operators and the production management.

This study was performed to investigate the possibility to use ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Five cows with high Cell counts, and four cows with low Cell counts were selected as cases and controls, respectively, and their udders examined with ultrasound during a 5 week period. The image of the udders of cows with high Cell counts exhibited small, hyper-echoic, rounded foci, approximately 1 cm in diameter, near the milk cisterns and the base of the teats. These changes were not found consistently in all cows with high Cell count, however. Ultrasonography may be a valuable complementary tool in the diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cow, but more cases need to be monitored before its full value can be ascertained..

The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare three field methods for detection of mastitis, California Mastits Test (CMT), DeLaval Cell counter DCC (DCC) and FMA2001 Farm Milk Analyzer (FMA2001). Furthermore, to investigate at what Cell count level clinical symptoms of mastitis are seen, and finally to check if the clinical findings and Cell counts could be related to bacteriological findings. DCC and FMA2001 are new analytic instruments to be used on dairy farms for detection of mastitis. CMT has been a widely used cow-side-test of milk quality in mastitis control efforts, but it cannot be used for estimating Cell counts in scientific studies or investigations. Two hundred and eight quarter milk samples from 52 cows were analysed with DCC and CMT, and 168 of these samples with FMA2001. Microbiological examination was done on 38 milk samples with CMT scores of 4 and 5.

Tumour development occurs to a large extent because of dysregulation of the Cell cycle. Of particular importance are defects occurring in the G1 phase. The reason why G1 is critical is because of the influence of several signals (external signals as well as cyclins and cdks) on this stage. The G1 phase can be divided into two parts, G1pm and G1ps. Each part has its ?own? restriction point which needs to be passed in order to progress to S phase.

The purpose of this paper is for the reader to realise how national innovation systems are deeply intertwined with the legal background of a country and to understand the processes that involves national innovation systems specifically regarding the stem Cell / genetics research and how the need for specific community law must be considered targeting the stem Cell patents. The legal part will try to answer: Why is it important given the actual state of the European stem Cell national innovation systems for the European Commission to take a stand and tackle issues regarding the patenting of the human stem Cell innovations? This is done from a country industry analysis (business approach) and then linking it with competition law from a community stand point of view (that tackles biotechnology issues). In order to achieve this the paper is divided into three separate analyses beginning with a theoretical background of general biotechnology / genetic terms that will enable the reader to have a general understanding of the importance of this kind or research ( genetics / stem Cell research). The chosen countries case studies exemplify very diverse economies and development perspective from the traditionally R&D intensive to the least and from the biggest countries in Europe to one of the smallest, thus giving cultural, legal, economic and scientific variety..

Syndecan-1 is a Cell surface proteoglycan which participates in Cell adhesion, differentiation, motility, morphogenesis and intraCellular signaling. The two glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are covalently attached to the ectodomain of syndecan-1 via a tetra saccharide linkage sequence. However, the ectodomain can be modified having only one or neither of the glycosaminglycans attached. The glycosaminoglycans are capable of binding ligands such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and support activation of receptors. The ectodomain is proteolytically cleaved from the Cell surface by metalloproteinases in a process known as shedding.

This literature study aims to examine the existence of cancer stem Cells in breast cancer. The cancer stem Cell theory states that there is a hierarchical organization within a tumour, in which a small subpopulation of the Cells can initiate new tumours and maintain tumour growth whilst the bulk of the tumour cannot. These tumour initiating Cells have shown to possess many characteristics similar to those of adult stem Cells, which is why they are often referred to as cancer stem Cells. Both Cell types have the capacity of asymmetric division and have shown to possess mechanisms of resistance to both apoptosis and cancer drugs. The cancer stem Cell theory elucidates many biological aspects such as the heterogeneity of tumours and the relapse of many cancers after what appeared to be successful treatments.

Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment for superficial squamous Cell carcinoma in cats. There are no publications indicating that the method is being used in veterinary practice in Sweden at the present time. The method uses the interaction between a photosensitive agent which has been administered to the tumor area, light of a wavelength that can be absorbed by the photosensitiser and the presence of oxygen. In this study photodynamic treatments were performed at the Queen?s Veterinary School Hopital of Cambridge University between 1998 and 2002.

Several technical solutions are ready to step forward as the new generation of propellant, and this report aims to explore the possibility of commercializing fuel Cell cars. The report is based on current research and data from today's technology and engineering solutions that are estimated to be commercially realized before 2020.A mapping of today?s different fuel Cell options has shown that the most suitable fuel Cell option is the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, which uses hydrogen as fuel. The report is focusing on a techno-economic well-to-wheel analysis of hydrogen and the energy balance and costs in a system perspective. The basis for this analysis consists of two centralized methods of production, steam methane reforming (SMR), and alkaline water electrolysis.