West Nile virus (WNV) är ett zoonotiskt agens och anses idag vara ett av de mest utspridda arbovirusen i världen. Det ger influensa liknande symptom på människa, häst och flera andra djurslag. Den allvarliga formen av West Nile feber kan leda till hjärnhinneinflammation. Fåglar är reservoar för viruset. Hästar är extra mottagliga för WNV och viruset har högre affinitet för Centrala nervsystemet (CNS) hos häst än människa. Det är främst neuronen i mellanhjärnan, rhombencephalon (bakre delen av hjärnan) och ryggmärgen som påverkas och detta kan bland annat leda till ataxi och paralys av extremiteter.

Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant vector-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing devastating encephalitis in humans. Its geographical range includes a majority of Asian countries and has also been recognized in some western Pacific areas. The main vectors of JEV are mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex. Birds and pigs function as hosts and virus amplifiers, whereas humans are accidental hosts. Japanese encephalitis is commonly regarded as a rural disease.

Mastceller har visat sig vara viktiga celler i immunförsvaret bland annat vid infektioner med parasiter, bakterier och virus. Huvuddelen av mastcellsforskningen som kommit fram till detta har gjorts med däggdjur som modell- och måldjur. Många likheter finns mellan fåglars och däggdjurs immunsystem men några viktiga olikheter förekommer både anatomiskt, på cellnivå, receptornivå och molekylär nivå. Detta väcker frågor om mastcellerna har exakt samma funktion hos fåglar som de har hos däggdjur. Slemhinneskadorna som uppstår hos fåglar infekterade med de två virussjukdomarna Newcastlesjuka och Infektiös bursit har visat sig till stor del bero på mastcellsaktivering.

Denna rapport undersöker en frågeställning som kom upp efter virusutvecklingen som skedde 2004 med illasinnad kod som spreds mellan mobila enheter via Bluetooth. Rapporten undersöker vilka hot som finns om Smartphones och handdatorer sprider illasinnad kod via Bluetooth till datorbaserade system.Undersökningen som gjordes var en hermeneutisk explorativ undersökning. Sammanlagt gjordes tre intervjuer med experter inom områdena informationssäkerhet, mobila enheter och Bluetooth.Resultatet visade att illasinnad kod i Smartphones och handdatorer som sprids till datorbaserade system skulle kunna utgöra samma hot mot informationssäkerheten som traditionell illasinnad kod, det vill säga virus, maskar och trojaner som sprids mellan datorer. Därmed bör den illasinnade kod som rapporten behandlar betraktas lika allvarligt som traditionell illasinnad kod..

Blood-borne infectious diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) spread when the addicts share needles and injecting equipmentwithin contact networks. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Winnipeg,Canada in December 2003 - September 2004. Through a special questionnaire, respondentswere asked to answer questions about themselves and about their contacts, about relationshipsand how they shared syringes and other injection supplies. Blood tests were used to identifywhether they carried any blood-borne infectious diseases. We selected some variables from theoriginal data set.

Blood-borne infectious diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) spread when the addicts share needles and injecting equipmentwithin contact networks. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Winnipeg,Canada in December 2003 - September 2004. Through a special questionnaire, respondentswere asked to answer questions about themselves and about their contacts, about relationshipsand how they shared syringes and other injection supplies. Blood tests were used to identifywhether they carried any blood-borne infectious diseases. We selected some variables from theoriginal data set.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop that plays an important role in many households in Africa. It is sometimes called ?Africa´s food insurance?. The advantages with the crop are that cassava is drought-resistant and it can grow in a semi-dry land. It is a perennial crop and does not require much labor.

Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an intracellular enzyme involved in ?the salvage pathway? where the uncomplete parts of DNA are transformed into DNA precursors. The expression of TK1 is cell cykle specific, with the highest level during S-phase when DNA-synthesis is most active. One kind of TK1 is present in serum and an increase in TK1 activity in serum is due to either the level of DNA synthesis in the body or the number of cells dying in a state of replication. This can be used and is used as a marker for prognosis and evaluation of treatment in human patients with leukemia and lymphoma.

Bröstcancer/juvertumörer hör till de vanligast förekommande tumörsjukdomarna hos människa, hund och katt, men vad som orsakar uppkomsten av sjukdomen är till största delen okänt. Hos möss har man funnit ett virus ? MMTV ? som orsakande faktor. MMTV, Murine Mammary Tumor Virus, är ett retrovirus som kan verka som ett endogent virus eller som exogent agens med möjlighet att nedärvas till avkomman, bland annat via modersmjölk. Infektion sker via aktivering av B-celler, T-celler och andra lymfocyter som tar sig till juvervävnaden och infekterar denna.

The aim of this study was to describe how body language of humans affects the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and how it can be implanted in the stressed situation that occur at an animal hospital. The subject is brought to notice because the author has experienced that dogs can get more stressed when a stressed and nervous owner is attending. Humans affect each other through posture, facial expression, voice and movement, and are often driven by their emotions, which can differentiate the verbal communication from the non-verbal communication. This occurs both consciously and unconsciously. Every human uses body language but not everyone knows how it is used or how to understand it.

This report describes the nutritional requirements of the dog and cat. You are also able to learn about the most common diseases in the dog and cat where food has an important role in both prevention and recovery of these diseases. We describe FLUTD, canine urolithiasis, heart- and kidney disease, gastrointestinal diseases and obesity. You have to know the right balance between different nutrients to decrease the stress on the body and to prevent the advancement of the diseases. Finally we discuss the differences between three manufacturers of veterinary prescribed diets and two commercial pet foods..

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a disease that can affect cats and is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV is spread via the feacal-oral route and many cats are carriers of the virus. Despite that, very few of the carrier cats develop FIP. The explanation of this phenomenon is that the virus has to mutate to be able to cause FIP and in the majority of the carrier cats this mutation never occurs. FIP is very hard to diagnose because the symptoms are diffuse and a completely accurate diagnosis can almost exclusively be established during a postmortem necropsy.

Electroretinography is an examination method where the function of the retina is objectively assessed. In 2002 the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmology (ECVO) published a proposition to a standard on how to perform ERG examinations, to facilitate comparison of results and to make it possible to repeat examinations. The purpose of this study was to validate parts of the canine ERG protocol suggested by the ECVO. Our principal aim was to study if there is any interference at the recommended stimulus intervals for dark-adapted rod- and combined rod-/cone responses. The results show that there is an effect on the a- and b-wave amplitudes when different stimulus intervals are employed. When all examined intervals are pooled, there is an increase in the median b-wave to each consecutive dim, white (rod) stimulus in a series of four.

Virala orsaker till reproduktionsstörningar så som abort, resorption av foster och dödfödda valpar är hos hundar ofullständigt kartlagda. Herpesvirus är det agens som har studerats mest och är även ett välkänt abortagens på andra djurslag, däribland häst. Hundens herpesvirus (CHV-1) orsakar hos vuxna individer i regel endast milda respiratoriska symptom. Hos dräktiga djur kan viruset ge upphov till förlust av valpar och även orsaka en kraftig och dödlig infektion hos neonatala valpar. Precis som många andra herpesvirus kan CHV-1 ge upphov till en latent infektion som kan reaktiveras vid stress.