In a time of economic turmoil and financial crisis profitability matters rise higher and higher on company agendas. Many companies are pressured to find profitability to avoid layoffs or even Bankruptcy. Profitability essentially depends on the margin on the product or service sold and the costs associated with selling these products or services and hence these areas are of vital importance if companies are to improve profitability. Previous research has focused, for the most part, on product profitability while customer profitability has received less attention. This study is based on a case study of a Swedish publishing house and aims to investigate how the company?s Cost-to-Serve varies between its distribution channels.

Den första januari 2009 ändrades Förmånsrättslagen och bankerna har återigen fått särskild förmånsrätt med 100 procent vid utmätning och konkurs. Den lagändring som genomfördes 2004 innebar endast 55 procent och allmän förmånsrätt för bankerna och fick inte den effekt som regeringen önskat och det blev svårare för företag att låna pengar från banken. De alternativa finansieringsformerna ökade då bankerna inte längre hade samma säkerhet vid konkurser utan då fanns istället säkerheten i objektet. Genom de undersökningar som gjorts där resultat visat de negativa effekterna beslutades om att återställa bankernas förmånsrätt. Frågan är om återgången kommer att förändra bankernas kreditgivning.

Purpose: To investigate if Altman´s Z´-score model, which calculates financial distress, can be applied on companies established in Sweden and if the financial crisis in 2008 made previously healthy companies go bankrupt.Methodology: Quantitative studies with a positivistic foundation. Empirical data will be collected in order to examine if there is generalizability among the studied objects. Conclusions will be made by comparing the empirical data with the theoretical foundation. Financial distress in firms will be measured.Theoretical perspectives: Altman´s Z´-score model, designed to predict financial distress in private firms.Empirical foundation: A selection of 93 private firms that have gone bankrupt in the years 2008, 2009 or 2010. The firms selected all have a turnover that exceeds 20 million SEK.

Year 1996 a new law was introduced in Sweden, the law of corporate restructuring, what purpose was to help companies in financial distress. Now, nine years later the procedure hasn?t been successful. This is what this thesis is trying to find out.This thesis main question is: What distinguishes the companies that have filed for a corporate restructuring, according to the financial position?The purpose of this thesis is to find out if key ratios can be used to distinguish the companies that filed for corporate restructuring.

Large companies in today?s business environment are to a great extent depending on their credit score by rating institutes like Moody?s and Standard & Poor?s. There is however indications that these big institutes are not always rating companies accurately. This is why this thesis aims at developing a new credit rating model, CRITA-Score, with the objective of determining a company?s financial health more accurately.

The crisis on Wall Street. This essay is a comparative study of how two business newspapers report on the Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings in September 2008. Seven articles from the Swedish European financial newspaper Affärsvärlden (Business World) and five articles from the Chinese-Asian news agency XINHUA FINANCE are examined. The aim is to analyze, understand and evaluate from a rhetorical perspective. My thesis is that rhetors storytelling can tell us more about how we cope with crisis in the global economic discourse. The texts can portray man as a narrative creature when identification as a rational actor is not enough. The analytical methods used are linguistic analysis with an emphasis on metaphor analysis, narrative analysis based on pentad - Critical dramatism, and discourse analysis with doxological outlook. The results show that both newspapers seek to defend the global economic discourse, but they do so in different ways. Affärsvärlden advocates calmness and conveys a cautious attitude. The heart of the crisis, as well as its solution, is on Wall Street. XINHUA advocates control and expresses confidence in authorities and the system. Asia is presented as Wall Street's savior..

The law of preferential rights has, since the 70?s, given företagshypotek a high priority after a company has claimed Bankruptcy. After the costs concerning the insolvent estate and the liens, företagshypotek has received full refund. The effect has been that the unprioritized creditors often have not recieved any of their claims after the bank have re-cieved theirs. Many countries have during the last decades deviated from this law and in 2003, Sweden decided to take the same path.

Abstract The internationalisation of a company is enabled by integration of markets. New markets mean new revenues, but also demand capital to finance the expansion. To bring in new capital may offer new possibilities but also higher debt-equity ratios, which affect how external interested parties value the company. This thesis, inspired by previous and mainly US based research, researches the debt-equity ratio of Swedish multinational and domestic companies, sampled from the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The research questions have focused on the impact of certain internationalisation variables on the debt-equity ratio; how does the debt-equity ratio differ between international and domestic companies? Can a difference be explained by the degree of internationalisation? Can a difference be better explained by the presence of international ownership? By measuring the concept internationalisation as both trade and presence, the questions were operationalised into four hypotheses.

Bakgrund: Många företag går i konkurs varje år vilket är förknippade med kostnader för de enskilda intressenterna och för samhället i stort. För att kunna vidta eventuella åtgärder innan konkursen är ett faktum är det av intresse att veta om någon av de modeller som forskare tagit fram för att förutspå konkurser faktiskt fungerar.Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på om det går att applicera någon av ett urval av etablerade konkursmodeller på svenska industri- och tillverkningsföretag.Teori: Studien kommer att testa tre olika forskares modeller och metoder: Altmans, Platts och Platts samt Pompes och Bilderbeeks.Metod: I denna studie kommer enbart en deduktiv forskningsansats att användas och datainsamlingen är kvantitativ då nyckeltal hämtas från de aktuella företagens årsredovisningar. Urvalet baseras på de företag som ansökte om konkurs under år 2011 och de som representerar kontrollgruppen har slumpmässigt valts ut bland de företag inom avgränsningen som inte gått i konkurs det aktuella året.Resultat och slutsats: Altmans och Platts och Platts modeller visar sig inte vara applicerbara på svenska företag. Dock är vissa av Pompes och Bilderbeeks nyckeltal tillämpliga till att använda för konkursprognostisering för svenska företag..

The financial crisis in 2008, effected companies around the globe and forced them to change their operational strategies, in order to survive. Companies with international links needed to consider external effects and due to that adapt their strategies on a global level. Demands for goods and service were decreasing and companies could only manage the cost during a recession to not face Bankruptcy. Organisations need to reconsider their optimal strategy as this will determine their future outcome when managing a crisis as the one in 2008. British Airways - Air Cargo is a global company with an international network which serves about 80 countries, with about 200 destinations.

Bakgrund: Revisionsberättelsen är den rapport som intressenter kan ta del av. Det är revisorns uttalande som har högt värde då det är revisorn som är informationsmedlare mellan parterna. Tolkningar som revisorn gör, är grund för andras beslut. Tidigare forskning visar att en revisionsberättelse inte signalerar tillräckligt om företagets fortsatta drift, samt att det var endast 20-27% som erhållit orena revisionsberättelser innan företagen inlett konkurs. De olika anmärkningarna i orena revisionsberättelsen har olika allvarlighetsgrader enligt andra studier.Syfte: Vi vill med denna studie undersöka om aktiebolagens sist erhållna orena revisionsberättelser, har ett statistiskt signifikant samband med aktiebolagens inledda konkurs under året 2010.Teori: De teorier som har använts i denna studie är agentteorin och intressentmodellen.

The financial crisis in 2008, effected companies around the globe and forced them to change their operational strategies, in order to survive. Companies with international links needed to consider external effects and due to that adapt their strategies on a global level. Demands for goods and service were decreasing and companies could only manage the cost during a recession to not face Bankruptcy. Organisations need to reconsider their optimal strategy as this will determine their future outcome when managing a crisis as the one in 2008. British Airways - Air Cargo is a global company with an international network which serves about 80 countries, with about 200 destinations.

Datum: 2009-06-02Nivå: Magisteruppsats i ekonomistyrning, 15 hpFörfattare: Charlotta Lind och Martin SlobergTitel: Ditt företag kan inte förutse konkurs -kan Z-score?Handledare: Esbjörn SegelodProblem: Våra forskningsfrågor är:Går det att förutse konkurs tre, fyra respektive fem år innan          konkursbeslutet?Vilka av den senaste Z-scoremodellens fyra nyckeltal är viktigast vid           prognostisering av konkurs?Syfte: Att testa i vad mån Z-scoremodellen kan användas för att förutse konkurserbland icke börsnoterade, icke tillverkande företag tre, fyra respektive fem årinnan konkurs; samt att undersöka vilka av denna modells inbördes nyckeltalsom är viktigast vid predicering av konkurser.Metod: Vi har genom kvantitativ metod analyserat årsredovisningar från 51 företagsom gått i konkurs 2008, dessa utgjorde vår huvudundersökningsgrupp och 29slumpmässigt utvalda företag, vilka utgjorde vår kontrollgrupp. Analysenskedde genom användandet av Altmans vidareutvecklade modell för attförutspå konkurser från år 1995. Totalt analyserades på detta sätt 240årsredovisningar.Slutsats: Modellens träffsäkerhet för de undersökta konkurs företagen var2003 45,09 %2004 47,05 %2005 54,90 %Vid hypotesprövning kunde vi endast för år 2005 påvisa samband förföretagsklassificeringsfrekvenser mellan konkursföretagen ochkontrollgruppen, detta gör att modellens prognostisering bör anses alltförosäker tidigare än tre år innan konkurs. Mot bakgrund till de påvisadeträffsäkerheterna för åren och hypotesprövningarna anser vi att modellenendast bör användas i kombination med andra analysformer .Sammanfattningsvis är Z-scoremodellens prognostiseringsförmåga för svag attsjälvständigt förutse konkurser.Sökord: Konkurs, Z-score.

The objective of this essay is, from the golf perspective including the golf courses' physical attributes, golf club management, members of the golf club and golf course designers, to explore possibilities for making existing golf courses more multifunctional. The purpose of this is to increase the understanding for golf courses' role as part of the landscape and comprehension regarding possible opportunities around them to exploit and develop.The increased pressure of population in peri-urban areas has resulted in a greater need for accessible recreation, particularly in the isolated farmland. As a result, land is sometimes used against landowners' will, which is a deficiency that is the basis for many conflicts between farmers and landowners.In the current situation, there is a negative trend in golf with reduced interest and fewer golfers than in the past. As a result, many of Sweden's golf courses have financial problems and are therefore trying to find new ways to avoid Bankruptcy. Sweden's existing golf courses occupy about 30 000 hectares of land, of which a very large percentage are located in peri-urban areas.

Almost every company sooner or later ends up in a more or less difficult economical situation. The reason for the economical crisis varies for each individual case but common for them all is that it is the management group that has failed in their work to guide the organisation to avoid a negative result. The next common denominator is that it is the management group that has to handle the changes in the company's environment and lead the company out of the crisis. But how can they do this and take decisions in a rational and effective way and is there warnings signals that the management group missed before the crisis was a fact? This is some of the questions that this study is going to discuss and analyze. The aim of the study is from a management perspective chart the strategic work of the company's management work when handling an economical crisis.