Hormonersättningsterapi (HRT) används för att lindra vasomotoriska och urogenitala symtom associerade med klimakteriet. Eftersom behandling med enbart östrogen förknippats med endometriell hyperplasi och livmodercancer, tillsätts progestagener till östrogen-beredningar i HRT hos kvinnor med intakt livmoder för att motverka den proliferativa effekten av östrogen och förebygga cancerutveckling i livmodern. Sådan kombinerad HRT har emellertid associerats med ökad risk för bröstcancer. Vid kombinerad HRT används olika typer av progestagener och olika behandlingsregimer (kontinuerlig eller sekventiell tillförsel).Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka vad som ökar risken för bröstcancer vid kombinerad HRT: valet av progestagen-typ eller vilken behandlingsregim (kontinuerlig/sekventiell) som används.Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie som omfattade sju studier om HRT och bröstcancerrisk, vilka hämtades från databasen PubMed.Utifrån undersökta studier kan man dra slutsats att ökad risk för bröstcancer associeras med kombinerad östrogen-progestagen HRT jämfört med HRT med enbart östrogen och framför allt om man jämför kontinuerlig kombinerad HRT med sekventiell kombinerad HRT med ett dos-responsförhållande som bakomliggande grund. Progestagen-typ kan ha effekt på risken för bröstcancer men detta behöver undersökas ytterligare..

Mountain holding in the 21st century ? difficulties and possibilities This study examines the difficulties and possibilities that mountain holding farmers have today. The following questions were considered: i) Who is cultivating mountain holdings today? ii) Which is the most important reason to keep animals there? iii) What kind of subsidies are most common? iv) What kinds of animals and what breeds are the most common? v) For how long period of time are the animals kept at the mountain holdings every season? vi) How are the fundamental regulations in the animal welfare law being followed, and are there any problems/conflicts in keeping animals at the mountain holdings? vii) What meaning do the animals have for the farmers and what are the farmer?s thoughts about the future? A survey based on these issues was sent out to 107 mountain holdings farmers with animals on grazing land, where 59 % submitted a response. The results showed that knowledge on how to keep animals at the mountain holdings was overall good.

Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ett föräldraperspektiv undersöka behov av och önskemål om stödsom föräldrar med diagnos inom autismspektrum beskriver i sin föräldraroll. Ett annat syfte är att bidra med ökad kunskaptill en diskussion kring utformandet av stödinsatser för dessa familjer. Studien är kvalitativ med intervjuer som gjorts ihalvstrukturerad form. Åtta föräldrar har intervjuats. Föräldrarna beskriver att deras svårigheter gör det svårt för dem isamspelet med barn och partner.

The purpose of this study was to, using statistical analysis, investigate to what extent families of a different cultural background have participated in family therapy and other family treatment programs at Familjeenheten in Lund. With questions regarding the goals of treatment, and the importance of cultural competence in the treatment process we have let two unit managers comment on the statistics. The population of the study is too small to allow general conclusions to be drawn, however, we have been able to ascertain that families of a different background are over-represented relative to their percentage of Lund´s population. Familjeenheten has no statistical record of ethnicity and the interviewed persons express no certain importance in the families´ cultural origins. They express no need to develop special treatment methods that take the clients´ cultural background in regard as they feel that so many of family issues are universal.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och ge en översikt av arbetsterapi inom palliativ vård. För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes en litteraturöversikt över aktuell forskning inom området med såväl systematisk som osystematisk sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar. De tretton artiklar som motsvarade inklusionskriterierna valdes ut, kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med stöd av ett teoretiskt raster. Analysen resulterade i ett övergripande tema: en sammanflätning av olika professionella resonemang möter klienters behov, och fem underteman: interaktivt-, narrativt-, vetenskapligt-, pragmatiskt- och etiskt resonemang. Resultatet visade att arbetsterapi inom palliativ vård är komplext och skiljer sig från traditionell arbetsterapi.

AbstractThe aim of this literature review was to describe the quality of life in stoma patients after stomasurgery. Different combinations of the keywords ?stoma?, ?Quality of Life?, ?stomasurgery? were used when searching in the databases Medline, Cinahl, Academic Search Elite and PubMed. A total of nineteen articles were used in the result. Fifteen studies had comparing design and four studies had describing design.

In today's preschool teachers should strive for us to have an inclusive preschool regardless of background, knowledge, culture. The conditions that everyone should have the right to education. Therefore the purpose of this study to enhance the understanding of the informants' views and thoughts regarding the inclusion of children with special needs. My study focused generally on children with special needs, but not against any particular diagnosis or a particular area related to children with special needs. To get answers to my questions I used qualitative interviews.

Tail-biting in pigs is an animal welfare issue and in Sweden during 2002 the producers lost tree million Swedish crowns because of tail biting. This economic loss depends on the pigs which are discarded at slaughter because of tail biting. Tail biting can be separated into two stages, "pre-injury" and "injury". The aim of this study is to investigate if tail biting depends on environment or genetic background.A lot of research on the environments effects on the behaviour of pigs but not so much on the genetic effects has been performed. The frequency of tail biting in pig farms influence among others of environment enrichment, ventilation, gender and breed of the pig.

This study concerns congenital defects in pigs; umbilical and scrotal hernia, cryptorchidism, kyphosis, splay legs, anal atresia, intersexuality and congenital tremor. The aim was to describe and estimate the prevalence of these defects and estimate the heritability for the most frequent defects, scrotal hernia and cryptorchidism in purebred Swedish Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire populations. Furthermore, information and opinions from herdsmen in commercial herds was collected and analysed. A low proportion of congenital defect pigs is of importance both from animal welfare and economic point of view. The accuracy of registration of the presence of defects in the litters has a decisive role for the ability to select against these defects.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av terapeutiskt förhållningssätt i arbetet med äldre på särskilt boende. Nio arbetsterapeuter som arbetade inom särskilt boende intervjuades angående sitt terapeutiska förhållningssätt till de äldre. Data analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Analysen av materialet resulterade i fyra kategorier. Resultatet visade att arbetsterapeuterna lutade sig mot den professionella rollen för att hitta ett terapeutiskt förhållningssätt som motsvarade vad varje enskild äldre behöver.

In the beginning of the 1990?s ratite breeding for meat production was introduced in many European countries, including Sweden. The knowledge of ostrich farming and diseases of ratites is increasing internationally but is still often limited among veterinarians. This report consists of a literature study and a summary of pathology findings from ratites submitted for necropsy to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) in Uppsala, during 1995 to 2001. The purpose is to give a general introduction to ostrich and ratite breeding and to give an overview of the most common diseases. The necropsy data from 1995 to 2001, indicate that many of the diseases are management related rather than caused by infectious agents. Due to cold climate ostrich breeders in Sweden need to supply well designed buildings and good care of the animal.

First time labelling occurred was when animal owners marked their cattle in order to distinguish the differences. The need for labelling was added when the trade had expanded during Roman times in order for the customers to know who manufactured their craft. Trademarks are characterized as a way to distinguish one's own product or service from someone else. The marketing purpose is to create an identity. The brand has an important role as an effective competitive tool for businesses.A brand can have many different functions, which will simplify a customer's decision making process in selecting a service or product.

The Sheep is the oldest livestock, and has been in Sweden for 4-5000 years. Thanks to that you can obtain skin, as well wool and meat. Therefore it was an important animal. Sheep production has increased, strongly lately due to the pasture support. The purpose of this paper is to find out what kind of different EU-subsidies you can get and to compare the subsidies in Öland and the main land. Sheeps are very good conservationist with grass, bushes and herbs, because of different grazing lands hardness and growth is it important to control the pasturage strain. A good way to regulate this is to have different enclosed pasture to switch between. I have been studying the different EU-subsidies.

The demand för Swedish pork meat is increasing every day. This leads to agricultural farming having to develop as an industry, with larger and more rationalised units to make the farming more effective and to raise the financial profit. The consequence of this is that it affects the animals when their surroundings become more industrial. The pig´s natural behaviour becomes restricted by the limitations of the facilities, which leads to them becoming understimulated. Helena Kummel, a teacher at Munkagård upper secondary school and also an educated animal inspector has developed a prototype that could possibly replace the pig´s natural rooting behaviour inside the barn. The porpuse of this report is to study "bökboxen" in the gilts´actual living enviroment, through qualitative- and quantitative analysis.

Tail-biting in pigs is an animal welfare issue and in Sweden during 2002 the producers lost tree million Swedish crowns because of tail biting. This economic loss depends on the pigs which are discarded at slaughter because of tail biting. Tail biting can be separated into two stages, "pre-injury" and "injury". The aim of this study is to investigate if tail biting depends on environment or genetic background.A lot of research on the environments effects on the behaviour of pigs but not so much on the genetic effects has been performed. The frequency of tail biting in pig farms influence among others of environment enrichment, ventilation, gender and breed of the pig.