Kloridutlakning från flygaska
möjligheten till en lokal hantering
Chloride leachingFly ash treatmentEnvironmental reportsMunicipal Solid Waste IncineratorPermitsStabilizationAvfallsförbränningBehandling av flygaskaKloridutlakningMiljörapporterStabiliseringTillstånd.
In Sweden, there are limits to how much leachable substances waste must contain in order to be deposited as hazardous waste. Fly ash from waste incineration often end up over the limit, mainly due to the chloride content. Fly ash is therefore often deposited abroad. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to handle fly ash locally. To clarify how the law is applied, environmental reports and permit documents from ten waste sites with permission to deposit fly ash were studied. In addition, a literature study was made to review the state of knowledge regarding the treatments of fly ash. The treatment methods are numerous, but are at different levels of commerciality. Among the treatments available there are both physical, chemical, biological, electrical and thermal variants. Many of the treatments (except for carbonation and microbial bioleaching) results in chloride levels below the limits. Several are however unrealistically expensive or generate wastewater with high levels of chloride that would need further treatment. Three plants out of the ten holding permits to deposit fly ash, have exemptions from the limit for chlorides. It's however difficult to see a common reasoning for allowing exemptions. In several cases there are sensitive receiving waters downstream from the landfill. One reason to be dispensed despite this sensitivity, may be the guidance that EPA issued. It is not formulated any specific concerns relating to chlorides. One handles therefore often high levels of chloride in the leachate as a dilution problem, not a leaching problem.