The main ambition of this degree project is to illustrate the fundamental problems of today?s electric Tariff regulation and the usage of the analyzing tool; The Network Tariff Model. There is a further discussion of potential problems and clear improvements of the 2012 years proposed network Tariff regulation. Interviews have been conducted with specific network companies and Energimarknadsinspektionen. The proposed regulation of 2012 is discussed from the government?s proposition.This paper clearly shows that the authority´s work has been conducted in a very unprofessional manner during the period of The Network Tariff Model.

This paper attempts to study the Swedish Tariffs during the interwar period in order to asses the level of protectionism in Swedish Tariff policy during the period. It is foremost the nominal Tariffs that are studied, however an estimate of the effective rate of protection of the Tariffs is also calculated for a number of goods. In order to asses the level of protectionism, the Swedish Tariffs are also compared with Finnish Tariff levels during the interwar period.The sample of Swedish Tariffs that have been studied in this paper include the fifteen most important kinds of import goods and the fifteen most important kinds of export goods. The nominal Tariff of each kind of goods have been weighted by their share of the total import value.The Swedish specific Tariffs did not change much during the interwar period except for a few goods such as petroleum, coffee and automobiles. The fluctuation in nominal Tariffs were in most cases the result of the steep fall in prices during the period.

I den här uppsatsen undersöks om nätbolagen vinstmaximerar genom att simulera hur Tarifferna skulle se ut givet att nätbolagen agerade som vinstmaximerande monopolister och sedan jämföra resultaten med befintliga Tariffer. De Tariffer som kommer att undersökas bygger på principen om s.k. icke-linjär prissättning, och vi studerar en tvådelad Tariff. Vi studerar i den här uppsatsen marknaden för småhus med 16A mätarsäkring, där efterfrågan på el varierar betydligt, eftersom det ingår hushåll både med och utan elvärme i denna kategori, samtidigt som mätarsäkringen inte kan användas som instrument för att prisdiskriminera. Tre Tariffalternativ granskas: enhetlig Tariff (alla hushåll debiteras samma rörliga och fasta pris), differentierad Tariff (hushållen kan välja mellan lågt fast/högt rörligt pris eller det omvända) och slutligen Tariff med kvantitetsbegränsning (den fasta avgiften ökar då hushållen överstiger en viss kvantitet).

The Energy Market Inspectorate is implementing a new Tariff regulation in Sweden. A small part of the new regulation concerns effectible operation costs and originally they where intended to be calculated using a modification of equivalent comparison standards, in Swedish Ekm. This thesis is intended to analyze if Fortums grid in Stockholm could be described correctly, using equivalent comparison standards. In Ekm every part of the distribution grid is designated a weighting in relation to 1 km 0.4kV over head line. These Ekm-measurements are intended to simplify comparison between different grid areas with different structure and geographical conditions.

Myanmar?s entry in Association of South Eastern Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1997 brought about several economic and social changes. One important change is Tariff reduction through the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT-scheme), which increased Myanmar?s export to countries outside the ASEAN. The increase in exports facilitated trade creation and investment creation for Myanmar.

För att skydda den europeiska produktionen av bränsleetanol har EU satt upp höga tullar på importerad etanol. Vi har analyserat hur marknaderna för socker och etanol fungerar i Brasilien och EU, därefter försökt förutse vilka samhällsekonomiska effekter ett borttagande av importtullen i EU kan ha. Vi finner att etanolpriset i EU sjunker, därmed ökar efterfrågan. Bensinkonsumtionen ökar på kort sikt i både EU och Brasilien, då ett lägre etanolpris medför ett lägre pris på bensin via den inblandningskvot av etanol som finns i vanlig bensin. På längre sikt kan så kallade ?flex fuel?-bilar bli allt vanligare och bensinkonsumtionen kan avta.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the most common economic effects of countries pursuing trade facilitation. Trade flows are constrained by non-Tariff barriers and through trade facilitation these barriers can be decreased. We will study the effects of trade facilitation from a theoretical perspective and evaluate a number of empirical studies. Several different trade barriers will be identified as well as those regions and countries that will gain the most from trade facilitation. We draw the conclusion thatlarge gains would prevail for all countries and that the consumers, businesses and the state all benefit from trade facilitation.

In 1995 something happened that radically changed the European football. This was the arrival of the Bosman ruling, a decision made by the European Court of Justice which meant that players with an expired contract could change clubs for free and that the European Union's internal market including the free movement of labour was now a part of the European football. The effects of theBosman ruling are wildly discussed today. Many powerful people in the European football mean that football now is less competitive than before, that there are a small amount of teams that actually have the ability to win any trophies. This bachelor thesis is studying the effects of the competitive forces in football after the Bosman ruling as a case of the free movement in the European Union.

The organized and controlled form of collecting consumption taxes and toll from the import and export trade goes back to the 17th century in Sweden. The customs administration and procedure were regulated by royal announcements, and the majority of the documents found in the customs archives represent thus records stipulated by such notifications. The customs archives can be used for research on several levels; the announcements reflect currents within both the domestic and foreign politics, while the account lists for financial statistics portray the extent of the trade. The various lists of compilation can be further used to follow for instance the development of different units of measurement, the expansion of tax rates, the value of trade goods or the changes in monetary units or systems. The diaries, architectural plans of the customs offices and maps of the toll areas place the customs officials and their work within the local scenery.The thesis focuses on archives deriving from customs located at harbors and on the Swedish-Norwegian border in the county of Dalarna.

Uppsatsen behandlar frågan om huruvida en totalt skattefinansierad kollektivtrafik med nollTariff kan anses vara rättvis och effektiv. Organisationen Planka.nu:s argument för nollTariff i kollektivtrafiken analyseras med utgångspunkt i free ridning-problemet och individens betalningsvilja. Den skattefinansierade nollTariffen jämförs med marginalkostnadsprissättning och tvådelad Tariff, som är två teorier om optimal prissättning av kollektiva varor. Kollektivtrafik beskrivs som en klubbvara med vissa positiva externa effekter samtidigt som varans substitut väntas generera negativa externa effekter. I uppsatsen antas den samhällsoptimala mängden kollektivtrafik vara högre än summan av alla individers individuella efterfråga p.g.a.

Bioenergi i Luleå AB är idag en av Sveriges större tillverkare av träpellets och den svenska marknadens efterfråga är god och väntas öka de kommande åren. På senare år har även den europeiska marknaden börjat röra på sig och det finns ett visst intresse att utöka exporten till dessa marknader. Denna uppsats syfte är att estimera efterfrågan på träpellets i Europa och analysera hur en export för Bioenergi i Luleå AB är möjligt. För att uppfylla syftet har en efterfrågemodell använts och estimerats utifrån ett paneldataset. Med hjälp av prisuppgifter på träpellets och alternativa energikällor för 2002-2005 skattas efterfrågan för träpellets för 19 europeiska länder.

Sweden will, in accordance with the EU-directive 2003/54/EC, move from post-regulating the electricity power grid-Tariffs by using a fictitious grid, to a regulation in advance which uses the actual power grid as a starting point. For this purpose a component breakdown of the grid needs to be made to determine the value of the network and by that the Tariff price that is reasonable for the network business in question to charge.The primary breakdown criteria is the voltage-level and type of region. Voltage-level is crucial for the cost and complexity of a grid-part, because the higher the voltagelevel is, there are more and stricter laws and rules to follow. This work is limited to the distributionpart of the grid, in other words voltage levels from 20 kV and below.The type of region is crucial to the type of components you can and want to use. In city environments both overhead-wires and independent substations are undesirable for both practical, safety and aesthetic reasons.

Increased trade and eased policy restrictions have brought markets closer together. Prices at different locations are much likely to affect each other to a certain extent. Since the adaption of Common Agricultural Policy in 1995 the Swedish wheat market has been exposed to the world market and Swedish farmers are facing new challenges. A broader knowledge about market integration and price transmission will facilitate Swedish farmers, banks and politicians in making rational decisions. Therefore the aim of this research is to explain how global wheat prices are transmitted on Swedish wheat prices.

This essay researches how newspapers created fictional reader identities through their content. Three newspapers have been studied from the week first to eight of February 1890, Nya Dagligt Allehanda, Dagens Nyheter and Stockholms Nyheter. The question that the essay is attempting to answer is which fictional readers were created. This is done through both a content analysis and a deeper language analysis of the newspapers. The text is seen as an active agent, creating the identity of the reader that they imagine when they write, an ideal reader.

This project was started within the Market-Design programme of Elforsk, with the aim of developing representative test systems of Swedish distribution networks. Using such test systems as a basis for reliability and customer interruption cost calculations makes it feasible to analyse the network Tariff regulation of Swedish power  istribution companies. In particular, it enables studies of the incentives for companies to invest in system reliability. Until now, the available test systems are either not representative of Swedish conditions, or too small in scale and limited in function.Within this project we have created two test systems. In order to represent the diversity of actual Swedish distribution networks, we have created one test system for urban environments and another for rural environments.