Funding is essential for companies to function. All companies must relate to the Funding issue, whether they are working with it in an active manner or not. Funding can be done in two ways, either through equity or debt and the ratio between these are called capital structure. Already in 1958 Modigliani and Miller concluded that a company?s capital structure does not change the value of the company, thus the company?s debt in relation to equity is irrelevant.

Background: In 1998 it was stated that Swedish municipalities would report the pension liabilities according to the mixed model where the pension liabilities before 1998 was moved from the balance sheet. The mixed model has been criticized by economists for not showing the total pension liabilities. To remove some of the liabilities in the municipalities balance sheets means that the solvency improves. Some municipalities have decided to go against the municipal accounting law and recognize all of the pension liability as a liability according to the full Funding model. When two accounting models are being used the comparison of the municipalities' financial statements is much harder.Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to study the reason why some municipalities apply full Funding model rather than the mixed model.

In this thesis a study about Funding in civil-society organizations is carried out. The aim is to understand how an organization in civil-society is affected by different forms of financing models. The empirical material in the thesis consists of a case study of three Swedish civil-society organizations (CSO) producing social services in the field of rehabilitation of people with a drug addiction. The case study consists of mainly interviews with people holding a leading position in the three organizations together with a study of for the research question relevant documents. From the empirical material, including an extensive analysis of these organizations different income sources, a partial model of how to categorize and analyze different forms of Funding in CSOs is developed.

With the Culture Survey 2009, the Cultural policy in Sweden has got a new direction. The new direction emphasises the importance of broadening the non-public Funding for the cultural sector. The new direction opens up new phenomenon to establish themselves in Sweden. CrowdFunding is such a phenomenon. CrowdFunding is an online-method "by which the individual becomes financiers of projects and activities they have passion for" (Jakten pa? medborgarfinansiering, 11).

The purpose of this thesis was to describe the economic situation for popular culture venues. During the study, four different ways of financing were encountered. These are sponsorship, volunteers, government Funding and ticket sales. A case study, based on interviews, were conducted on Pinkerton, a non-profit organisation. The result showed that Pinkerton needs a solid subsidy from government Funding.

The aim of this Master?s thesis is to describe and compare the debates regarding the public funded publishing company En bok för alla (EBFA). On two occasions, 1992 and 2007, the public Funding was threatened, which lead to debates and protests. The Funding was revoked in 2007. I want to examine if by studying a particular product of cultural policy, one can se tendencies to how the cultural policy in whole change over time.

New rules for bank capital adequacy were introduced in 2013. This caused a changein Funding of real estate companies. The bank could not cover as much of thecompanies Funding?s as before and they had to explore other Funding opportunities,such as bonds. Bond Funding in Swedish real estate companies regularly consists ofunsecured corporate bonds and the secured ones are not that common.

Environmental subsidies are used as incitements to farmers for development of sustainable land use. In 2014, applications for Funding constructed wetlands were not available. This paper examines the environmental consequences of this lack of Funding in one intensively cultivated region Skåne län, southern Sweden.A review of wetland applications between year 2007-2013 show that the average rate of applications has been 31 projects per year with a wetland size of 4,48 ± 1,61ha per project (mean±95% CI). Based on interviews, the result suggests that the lack of Funding in one year leads to between 102 and 140 ha of constructed wetlands that is not built. This correspond to a total loss of increased nitrogen retention capacity between 6,0 and 91,7 tons/year and a loss of increased phosphorus retention capacity between 0,17and 2,1 tons/year in the drainage basins of Skåne.Further the interviews show that continuity of environmental regulations and Funding is important for the farmers? interest in environmental measures.It is concluded that the total loss of increased retention capacity is small compared to the annual transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in the drainage basins.

This master?s thesis aims to analyze the ongoing debate in Scandinavia on research evaluation of the humanities. This field of research uses bibliometrics, quantative analysis of bibliographical units as a research assessment tool. In recent years evaluative bibliometrics has been an increasingly used method. In Scandinavia, governments have introduced new Funding models for research in higher educational institutions.

The survey describes a number of risks that Swedish farming companies are exposed to. The risk areas covered by the survey are currency risks, price risks and financial risks. The survey further describes why these risks have a great impact on the future development of the farming companies. The survey highlights the interrelation between the risks and the measures which can be used to minimize the risks, so-called financial instruments. The aim of the survey is to put focus on above mentioned risks and describe how these risks can be reduced to prevent the Swedish farming industry from stagnating in the future. The survey is a secondary survey whereby existing knowledge about risks and risk management is applied to farming companies. The written information on price risks and hedging is primarily derived from foreign sources.

The aim of this study is to investigate which management control mechanisms evolve in companies that receive Funding from Venture Capital companies and why the management control systems evolve in the way that they do. A case study was performed on three Swedish high technology companies, that all received Funding from Venture Capital companies for the first time in 2006. Merchant?s framework, defining all management control mechanisms as either, results control, action control or personnel control, was used to structure the study. Results show that the companies that received Venture Capital all increased the use of management control mechanisms within results control, action control and personnel control.

The field of the social economy and of the work integration social enterprises (WISE) in particular, is for many a more or less unknown area. Unlike ordinary enterprises the WISE's are different due to their aim of integrating disadvantaged people through work. In comparison with other small enterprises earlier research has shown that the WISE's are dealing with challenges regarding recruitment, participation, leadership, sustainable business ideas but above all, the access to Funding. The purpose of this essay has therefore been to examine and analyze the financial situation of eight WISE's located in the Stockholm County. The results indicate that half of the enterprises perceive their economic situation as very unstable and as an obstacle to their further development.

The interest in businesses active on the countryside and their Funding situation has increased in recent years. In a survey, conducted by Leif Berndtsson (2003), it was reported that there is a lack of external capital in rural areas. According to Berndtsson (2003) the lack of external capital inhibits the rural firm?s growth. The essay attempts to answer whether the shortage of external capital is a factor that inhibits development for rural businesses.

In this paper I argue that the development of innovation ideas within the financial system of scientific research might have a counterpart within the financial system of the social sciences and the arts. The ideas of innovation share a common way to evaluate science in terms of how well it can contribute to economic growth. In the past two decades a similar development can be observed within Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ), one of the largest external financiers of the social sciences and the arts in Sweden. The idea of evaluating research used by the innovation ideas has grown popular within RJ, only it seems they evaluate research in terms of how well it fits into an international research community rather than how much it can contribute to economic growth as is the case within the innovation ideas. By examining the different ways of financing research that RJ has used during the last 2 decades, this paper aims to introduce a new perspective in which it is possible to understand the development within this type research Funding as a part of a bigger system of development..

Social enterprises make up one of the groups of participants that provide welfare services financed by public Funding. The object of this study is to describe and analyze from a theoretical point of view which conditions, in what fields, by which division of responsibility and finally through what decisions these social enterprises are allocated a place in the market for social welfare services. The company that has been the object of study offers services in the field of social welfare and in employment. In the study a triangulation of qualitative methods has been used: studies of literature on the subject, recurrent interviews and observations and also reviews of documents. The results have been analyzed from theories on the space available on the market for social services, on social economy and on social capital in the form of strong, weak and bridging bonds.