District heating covers around 80 % of the heating demand in apartment buildings and 10 % in single-family homes in Sweden. In the year 2010 the total input of energy to the Swedish district heating grids was about 70 TWh, which corresponds to 11 % of the total energy input to the whole energy system in the country. Through the combined production of heat and power the CHP-plants often reaches an efficiency of 90 % from energy in the fuel to produced heat and power. In order to keep the efficiency high it is important for the owners of the plant to have good knowledge about the plants performance at different operation points. Strängnäs Energi AB initiated this diploma work together with FVB Sverige ab in order to come up with a program for short term planning of the production of heat and power at the company´s CHP-plant.The work consists of three main parts.

The different aspects of each individual construction project such as the general conditions, design and economic restrictions as well as many more factors mean it is difficult to standardize building processes or plan in detail based on past experiences. As a result operational efficiency is often reduced, and unnecessary waste is generated. To make an organization more efficient and therefore reduce waste production everybody involved needs to appreciate and understand the improvements that can increase the organization?s efficiency. To investigate these improvements a time study was performed on two different construction sites, both of which involved buildings being constructed of prefabricated steel and concrete elements.

Successful broiler production in hot climates requires knowledge of how birds are affected by heat stress. It is important with access to water and good ventilation to facilitate coping with the heat. It may be useful to reduce the consumption of feed during the hottest hours of the days, which together with a few hours of extra light available could improve both productivity and animal welfare. The vision in birds is superior to that of humans and most other mammals. Continuous light and light with low intensity can cause eye injuries, affect the eye development in young chicken negatively, as well as provide increased incidence of foot pad lesions. Access to light affects the production but also the welfare of birds.

The different aspects of each individual construction project such as the general conditions, design and economic restrictions as well as many more factors mean it is difficult to standardize building processes or plan in detail based on past experiences. As a result operational efficiency is often reduced, and unnecessary waste is generated. To make an organization more efficient and therefore reduce waste production everybody involved needs to appreciate and understand the improvements that can increase the organization?s efficiency. To investigate these improvements a time study was performed on two different construction sites, both of which involved buildings being constructed of prefabricated steel and concrete elements.

Svenska (engelska se nedan) Detta examensarbete är ett vårdprogram över Österby bruks köksträdgård. Österby bruk är beläget i norra Uppland cirka fem mil norr om Uppsala. Redan på 1500-talet började järnindustri växa fram på Österby. Österbys järnindustri kom att pågå fram till nedläggningen av Österbyverkan 1983. Dagens köksträdgård tillkom i och med den omgestaltning av hela herrgårdsanläggningen som startade på mitten av 1700-talet.

Målet med denna uppsats är att se vilka författningar som gör sig gällande vid planering, byggande och drift av en vägtunnel, främst med avseende på samråd men även brand och personsäkerhet. Processen kring att planera en tunnel är väl reglerad och innefattar många lagar. Väglagen (1971:948) reglerar om planprocessen, när de olika stegen ska utföras, vad de ska innehålla samt när och med vilka samråd ska ske. Miljöbalken (1998:808) reglerar främst att en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning ska utföras och godkännas, men innehåller även generella regler om förebyggande skyddsåtgärder. Plan- och bygglagen (1987:10) görs också gällande vid planeringen av en vägtunnel med avseende på detaljplaner och Länsstyrelsens tillsyn över plan- och byggnadsväsendet i länet.

High housing- and construction costs is a fact in Sweden today. Prices on building materials more rapidly than producer price index for industrial goods. Prices tend to rise during market boom but does not adapt during diminishing demand. The effects of fading demand can rather be deduced through discounts and quotations. During 1992-1998 when the Swedish construction sector found it self in severe crisis the prices of construction materials kept rising more rapidly than PPI for industrial merchandise.

Lönsamheten hos svenska äggproducenter påverkas i allt större utsträckning av kvaliteten på de producerade äggen. En försämrad äggkvalitet innebär som regel stora ekonomiska förluster i samband med att äggen nedgraderas till kvalitetsklass B. Kvalitetsavvikelser kan uppkomma med anledning av en mängd olika faktorer kopplade till exempelvis utfodring, skötsel, produktionssystem eller klimat. Följaktligen finns det många och varierande lösningar för att minska förekomsten av kvalitetsavvikelser på de svenska äggen. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga de kvalitetsavvikelser som är mest förekommande på ägg från svenska värphöns samt att undersöka hur dessa är relaterade till produktion, ekonomi och djurvälfärd.

Att bygga hus med timmerstomme har en lång tradition i Sverige. Det byggs idag ca 500 timmerhus om året. Förr byggde man av timmer för att det var det var ett lätt sätt att få ett hus som klarade den tidens krav och som inte krävde maskinell bearbetning. I dag byggs timmerhus mer av estetiska och livsstilsskäl. Många vill därför att det ska synas att det är ett timmerhus, gärna både på ut- och insidan.

The forest industry is one of the most important industry branches in Sweden. Since the demand of high precision wood deliveries has increased, the demand on a well constructed forest road net also has increased. A good road net gives the wood-supplier competition advantages and also increases its service level towards its customers, lumber-mills and pulp-mills. In some parts of Norrbotten, the road net is still insufficient and not yet built out enough, and that is why it is important to know how to act and where to improve the road net in these areas. The purpose of this thesis was to create a work-model for long term road planning in areas with no road net or a not yet complete road net. The model has been created in an ArcGis environment, where a long chain of tools has been tied together with the program ?Model builder?.

The aim of this study is to make clear the conception ?Sustainable Urban Development? through an investigation dealing with how the sustainable goals are attained in today?s Swedish urban planning. And also try to clarify where and why sustainable development is failing or lacking. Besides that I have investigated how actors take position towards urban sustainability. The essay is based on a literature study about sustainable urban development and it?s changes through the time and place.

The aim with the literature study is to inform about the risks that exists in large dairy farms(with focus on mastitis and hoof health) and to inform about the milk industry in Sweden.Personal comments from two study visits (Nötcenter Viken and Vadsbo Mjölk AB) arelinked together with the literature and forms into a discussion regarding sustainableagriculture versus the milk cow's welfare.The profitability for Sweden's milk farmers have decreased because of the decreased milkprice and current inflation. This leads to an increase in herdsize in order to make a profit.The milk cow herds in Sweden becomes fewer year by year and the herdsize increases. Theincreased herdsize can cause a decrease in the time the farmer spends per animal. This canaffect early disease detection and prolong the animals suffering.Swedish Board of Agriculture published (2008) statistics showing that today's milk cow ismedicated primarily because of two reasons; mastitis or hoof problems. Mastitis is thereason to two thirds of all treatments that are carried out.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka regelverket kring och riskerna med momsfördelningstal och den frivilliga skattskyldigheten för mervärdesskatt i allmänhet. Utöver undersökningen har även tillämpningen av momsfördelningstal och de faktiska konsekvenserna påvisats genom exemplifiering, intervjuer och studerande av litteratur på området. Uppsatsen följer den rättsdogmatiska metoden, ett inifrån- och utperspektiv. Vad säger lagen och vilka påföljder och konsekvenser innebär den? Läsaren kommer få en inblick i de risker som fastighetsbranschen står inför med den gällande lagstiftningen. Mervärdesskatten är en indirekt konsumtionsskatt.

In this report a study is carried out with the aim to identify added values of EPC projects implemented in schools in order to increase the interest of EPC projects on the market. The report examines how the planned maintenance, supervision, maintenance and corrective maintenance is affected, how insurance premiums and terms are affected, the indoor environment and how the tasks of the operating staff is changing. A literature study of energy savings, energy use in schools, maintenance and insurance as well as how energy efficiency improvements are related to the Swedish environmental objectives has been made. Visits were carried out in Ludvika, interviews were also carried out with operation technicians and local strategists in Ludvika as well as employees of insurance companies.Schools often have neglected maintenance and problems with ventilation and indoor environment. Schools also have a large energy saving potential due to their low utilization, mainly because they are empty parts of the year.

In this report a study is carried out with the aim to identify added values of EPC projects implemented in schools in order to increase the interest of EPC projects on the market. The report examines how the planned maintenance, supervision, maintenance and corrective maintenance is affected, how insurance premiums and terms are affected, the indoor environment and how the tasks of the operating staff is changing. A literature study of energy savings, energy use in schools, maintenance and insurance as well as how energy efficiency improvements are related to the Swedish environmental objectives has been made. Visits were carried out in Ludvika, interviews were also carried out with operation technicians and local strategists in Ludvika as well as employees of insurance companies.Schools often have neglected maintenance and problems with ventilation and indoor environment. Schools also have a large energy saving potential due to their low utilization, mainly because they are empty parts of the year.