The Baltic Sea is threatened by eutrophication that largely is due to nutrient leaching from farmland within the catchment area. To solve this problem the surrounding countries cooperate within various configurations such as HELCOM and the EU-financed project Baltic Compass. Poor manure management in Russia has been discussed frequently the last couple of years. A literature review of different types of reports and legal acts is the core of this degree project which has been performed in connection to two ongoing research projects financed by EU (Baltic Compass) and SIDA. It is supplemented with interviews with Swedish agricultural consultants and travel reports from two occasions when I had the opportunity to discuss with Russians active within the agricultural sector. Different hypotheses were investigated and discussed. The environmental debate in Russia is quiet and there is a widespread approach that economic profit always trumps environmental concern ? a Soviet heritage that influence the Russian agriculture considerably. The Russian legal acts on stable manure management focus mainly on sanitary questions and only secondary on nutrient leaching.

Biogas is a renewable energy source that is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic mate-rial. In Sweden, biogas predominately comes from sewage water sludge and landfills or from organic waste of households and industries. Small scale digestion plants at farms are espe-cially expected to contribute to increased biogas production in the future. Biogas can be ob-tained directly in it?s raw form and used as fuel in a combustion chamber.

Gastric and intestinal disorders are common and costly human health problems worldwide. Helicobacter pylori are a gram-negative, pathogen bacteria and the most common cause of duodenal and gastric ulcer in the stomach the intestinal mucosa. Prolonged infection and colonization can lead to chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. H. pylori are present in the gastric and intestinal mucosa of half of the world population and a relation between infection and low socioeconomic status has been shown.

Our planet is faced with enormous challenges as the extreme weather events related to the human-caused climate change continue to gain strength. The scale of the problem has made changing human behaviour the central focus of sustainable development, and both public and private sector are expected to gain relevant expertise and introduce this work in their agenda. Over its 40-year history, social marketing has become an established field providing tools for social change, but compared to health promotion, sustainability has not been a major focus of social marketing research so far. At the same time, sustainable lifestyles are embedded in complex systems where both individual factors and those of physical and social environment play a defining role in their adoption. Communities are a good example of such environments, and they became the key focus of Community-Based Social Marketing, which combines different insights from psychology to suggest a step-by-step framework for crafting behaviour change campaigns. However, it has not been applied to larger and diverse communities, like cities, and has not focused on sustaining new behaviour over time, which is crucial for creating sustainable lifestyles.

Biodiversity consists of all life on Earth and in all forms. Biodiversity is often discussed at three levels: ecosystem, species and genetic variation within species. Biodiversity also provides many of the ecosystem services performed by nature and that we depend on, including cultural services such as aesthetic values, education and recreation. In Sweden the environmental objectives are central; there are 16 environmental quality objectives, and "A rich plant and animal life" is one of them. Conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is a prerequisite for achieving also most other environmental objectives. Another environmental quality objective that is tied to a rich biodiversity in cities and biodiversity is "Good built environment" where cities, towns and other built environment should provide a good living habitat and contribute to a good environment.

AbstractThe purpose of project is to study the possibility for Borås Energy & Environment to build and run a commercial ethanol production facility in Borås. The project also studies the technology for the production of ethanol using renewable energy, e.g. lignocelluloses with focus on two processes, svag-syra hydrolyse and enzymatic hydrolyse. The technology of the process is based of hydrolysation of biomass (hemicelluloses and cellulose) to sugar and extract it to ethanol. These two techniques will compare with each other to determine which of them that it?s more suitable for ethanol production.

Detta examensarbete kom till eftersom Sandvik Band ville ha en utredning till stånd gällande sin problemlösning. Detta då Band hade skäl att anta att problemlösningen i många fall skedde i form av ?brandsläckning? med alltför begränsad uppföljning. Syftet med examensarbetet blev att kartlägga hur problem i produktionen upptäcks, löses, följs upp och dokumenteras. Förslag på hur eventuella fel och brister i denna process skulle kunna elimineras skulle också tas fram.

Ett vanligt problem för fjärrvärmeföretag är svängningar i den dagliga efterfrågan på fjärrvärme. När efterfrågetoppar sker i fjärrvärmenätet behöver fjärrvärmeföretagen oftast använda sina topplastpannor, vilka vanligtvis drivs på både dyra och miljöovänliga bränslen. Ett sätt att åtgärda detta problem har traditionellt varit att använda en ackumulatortank som värmelager. Men med ny och billigare mät- och styrsystemteknik har kommersiella lösningar börjat växa fram där istället byggnader kan användas som värmelager.Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka de tekniska och ekonomiska möjligheterna för att använda byggnader som värmelager i ett fjärrvärmesystem och jämföra det med att använda en ackumulatortank som värmelager. Det förs en diskussion om hur ett samarbete skulle kunna se ut mellan fjärrvärmeföretag och fastighetsägare för att möjliggöra användningen av byggnader som värmelager.

After parturition the energy demand for milk production is greater then the energy provided from the diet. The cow mobilises therefore body tissues to compensate for the energy loss. Live weight and body condition scores decreases as a consequence of the mobilisation. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between body condition score, live weight and subcutaneous fat depth measured by ultrasound and the changes during the lactation. Possible differences between Swedish Holstein (SLB) and Swedish Red and White Cattle (SRB) were also investigated.

Det finns en innovativ, grön grundläggningsteknik kallad energigrundläggning. Principen är att integrera redan erforderliga, strukturella element såsom pålar med en värmeväxlare i syfte att utvinna energi. Tekniken har funnits sedan tidigt 80-tal men har knappt används i Norden. Tekniken visar på stor potential då man kan uppnå synergi genom utvinning av värme under vinterhalvåret och kyla under sommarhalvåret.I detta arbete redogörs för grundläggande principer och mekanismer bakom energigrundläggning samt en omfattande litteraturstudie av vad som tidigare har studerats inom området. Det finns få exempel i litteraturen på problematiken med förändrade geotekniska egenskaper hos jorden på grund av energiutvinningen och än färre exempel på knäckningsproblematiken hos slagna, slanka stålrörspålar.

Bacteria are a problem that occurs naturally in dishwashers when the dish stands there dirty for an extended period of time. To get rid of the unpleasant smell that the bacteria is causing, the most common solution is to run a regular washingcycle which can cause problems for the environmentally-conscious consumers since this causes unnecessary energy waste and emissions of chemicals in the washwater. To solve the problem in a more environmentally-friendly way by directly attacking the bacteria with an appropriate bacterialreductionmethod can therefore be an attractive feature in a dishwasher. There are many different ways to treat surfaces that have been exposed to the bacteria. Some high-profile methods are UV-radiation, microwaves and oxidant (ozone) that all three have had success in reducing bacteria in different contexts.

Fossil fuels are affecting our climate negatively and there is a limited amount of them in the world, which leads to the importance of finding alternative fuels. One alternative is biogas, which is produced though a digestion process of different organic materials in a biogasreactor. Organic substrate that comes from farms has the biggest potential to increase the production of biogas in Sweden. Primarily crops from farms, but also waste products like manure are of great importance.Today there is a calculated theoretical potential for biogasproduction of 14TWh per year, which is around ten times larger than Sweden?s production today.

The sludgebark and to a certain extent the bark were until a decade ago waste products without any economic value that were thrown away. A number of environmental laws and increcing energy prices have improved the prerequisites for increasing the use of these materials. At Seskarö sawmill they burn the sludgebark and a great deal of the bark in the sawmill furnace. The sludgebark has a number of disadvantages compared to bark during burning. The sludgebark is often wet which means the energy net from burning often gets low.

With a larger awareness of the climate changes and increasing electricity prices, energy efficiency measures in the industry have become more common. By rationalize the activity and by the same time decrease the emission of greenhouse gases the company can both save money and reduce negative environmental impact. For the Swedish industries the electricity price have traditional been relative low, which has resulted in a considerable larger usage than other European countries. By a deregulation of the European electricity market the electricity price will level off between the countries, which will cause a higher electricity price in Sweden than we are use to. To prevent that the Swedish industry don?t lose competitiveness against the other European countries, it will require energy efficiency activities in all different forms.ABB Sweden has decided to decrease their total energy usage with five percent in two years.

The access to good sanitary facilities is an important factor that elevates the experienced living standard as it improves hygiene and reduces the transmission of deseases. The ratification of the millennium goals by 189 countries demonstrates that this is an important international issue. Together the countries have taken upon themselves that the proportion of the population that lacked access to sustainable safe drinking water and sanitary facilities in the year 2000 will have been reduced by half by the year 2015. In Peru, the construction of sewage pipe networks to transport the sewage out of the direct human environment is progressing. The safety and sustainability of these systems can be questioned, since in Peru the sewage seldom receive any treatment before being emitted to a recipient. This is taking place in Picota and sorrunding villages as well. In the last 25 years several systems implementing small-scale onsite treatment have been introduced throughout Latin America in an attempt to give more people access to sustainable and safe sanitary facilities, reducing water consumption and taking advantage of the agricultural values of the sewage fractions while protecting the environment from its negative impact. In this study three different sanitary systems and the effects of different population growths were compared.