The objective of this thesis was to investigate factors that influence local government implementation. The study is a comparative case study between two local governments in Sweden; Hässleholm and Landskrona. Primarily the thesis aimed to look at the conditions faced by those implementing a new government directive aimed at supporting women who face violence, and their children who bear witness, by focusing on three key aspects for successful implementation: Implementers level of understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. Material in the form of documents and 14 interviews with key actors in the two authorities constitute the empirical foundation of the analysis. According to the results, are the two local governments pretty equal in achieving their projectgoal but the local government of Hässleholm had better policy-making, policy-design and policy process.

We live in an exciting society, characterized by continuous changes and challenges. The effects of the globalization are widespread. The continuous flow of people, capital and goods follows in the wake of advances in communications, transport and information technology, resulting in a changed situation for different stakeholders in the society. This situation leads to increased cooperation and exchange, but also increased competition. The primary means of collecting empirical data for this study was interviews and a document study.

Denna uppsats har sin utgångspunkt i den tekniska evolution som har skett i affärssystemens värld. Syftet var att undersöka och beskriva implementat-ionsfasen av ett Enterprise Resource Planning System som tillhandahålls som en tjänst via internet. Fokus var att identifiera framgångsfaktorer för implementationen med hjälp av ett fallstudiebaserat tillvägagångssätt där tonvikt legat på intervjuer och andrahandsmaterial. Undersökningen visade att bland annat valet av ett för organisationen passande system, en omfattande verksamhetsanalys, implementeringshjälp av konsulter samt anpassning av affärsprocesser är viktiga faktorer för en framgångsrik implementation. Därtill såg vi att en tydlig projektplan, en Project Champion och dedikerade resurser också var viktiga faktorer för framgång..

The ability to tackle NP-hard problems has been greatly extended by the introduction of Metaheuristics (see Blum & Roli (2003)) for a summary of most Metaheuristics, general problem-independent optimisation algorithms extending the hill-climbing local search approach to escape local minima. One of these algorithms is Iterated Local Search (ILS) (Lourenco et al., 2002; Stützle, 1999a, p. 25ff), a recent easy to implement but powerful algorithm with results comparable or superior to other state-of-the-art methods for many combinatorial optimisation problems, among them the Traveling Salesman (TSP) and Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). ILS iteratively samples local minima by modifying the current local minimum and restartinga local search porcedure on this modified solution. This thesis will show how ILS can be implemented for MSA.

Politiska och ekonomiska svängningar samt geografiska förutsättningar präglar stadens fysiska planering samt dess uttryck och form. För Lund och Köpenhamns räkning har planeringsprocessen under drygt femtio år tillbaka skett utifrån ett antal plandokument, upprättade för att kontrollera stadens utveckling. Studier av dessa dokument visar hur städerna fysiskt brett ut sig i landskapet samt argumenteringen kring denna tillväxt. Under 50- och 60-talen bredde städerna ut sig för att kunna erbjuda fler och bättre bostäder under devisen ?välfärd åt alla?.

Sweden was transformed to a democratic industrial society in the late 19th century. Political influence had been bound to the four estates, nobles, clergy, burghers and farmers. The reforms of the 1860s moved Sweden towards political democracy with universal suffrage. At the national level a two-chamber parliament was established in 1866. Political power should now be a function of economic status.

With the political situation that prevails in the world, the need for contingency planning for the ecclesiastical heritage has become actualized with the aim of protecting the churches and their assets in war and armed conflicts. In accordance with Kulturmilj?lagen (SFS 1988:950) chapter 4 ? 15a, the Church of Sweden and its organizational parts are responsible for ensuring that contingency plans for the ecclesiastical heritage are established. In the legal statutes, it is not clear how this is to be carried out, who is responsible for all practical aspects or what is to be protected, something that creates gaps of knowledge regarding logistics, roles and selection. This means that there is currently a lack of principles and practice around the protection of the ecclesiastical cultural heritage, as contingency planning for cultural heritage is a fairly new phenomenon that has not been practiced in times of peace.

Historiska stadsbyggnadsstrategier med fokus på hållbarhet eller grönska utgör utgångspunkten för framtagandet av en ny stadsbyggnadsstrategi som ska vara hållbar ur alla aspekter; både ur ett socialt, ekologiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. I kandidatuppsatsen undersöks möjligheterna att fortsätta förtäta staden och samtidigt behålla stadens parker och grönska. Stadsbyggnadsstrategin är döpt till Stad-i-park och är en utopisk vision som syftar till att förändra vårt sätt att leva och vilken funktion en stad ska fylla för att nå en hållbar utveckling. Detta uppnås i teorin genom att ersätta transporterna inom staden med framförallt spårbunden trafik, öka mötesplatserna i staden genom att föra in mer grönska och torg samt att förtäta staden då byggnader som tillhör dagens trafiksystem inte längre behövs. Förändringar i infrastrukturen ska inte påverka rörligheten utan staden ska även i fortsättningen vara tillgänglighetsanpassad vilket bl.a.

I många svenska städer går det att upptäcka fenomenet av det peri-urbana landskapet och en planering som strävar efter en expansiv stadsutveckling. Det är ett hybridlandskap, en expanderad stad där skillnaden mellan stad och land inte existerar i form av en exakt gränslinje. Staden innehåller samtidigt miljöer och platser, i flera fall centralt belägna som tenderar att glömmas bort, åsidosättas eller placeras i ett väntans läge vid planering. Dessa tomma ytor och håligheter utan definierad funktion är platser som befinner sig i ett gränsland - mellan det planerade och det oplanerade, vilket påverkar den angränsande bebyggelsen och marken. Detta ger upphov till arbetets tema - rum i marginal, mellanrum som blir en outnyttjad resurs vid planering.

I wrote this essay with the aim to explore, understand and get some insights into what it is that effects the possibilities to plan for ecological sustainability and make it happen. There is no clear definition of sustainable development but world top meetings and reports have developed goals and strategies. I will present some of the theory at hand but most of this essay is based on six interviews with planners at local governments from around the country. Several of the local governments are using the goals issued by the state government by putting them into their large scale plans. During the interviews some obstacles were identified, like a lack of resourses, disadvantaging powerstruktures, conflicts with marketeconomy and simply different meenings about what ecological sustainability is in practice. My method of getting information through interviews and documenting them by taking notes had, as all methods, it?s weakneses.

The aim of this essay is to analyze how students are constituted as subjects in local curricula. The theoretical perspective is grounded in Michel Foucault?s notion of governmentality and power/knowledge and his critique of a sovereign subject. From this theoretical perspective I use Foucault?s concept of formation of objects and Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe?s idea of subject positioning as tools for a discourse analysis.

The process of food production has changed dramatically over the past one hundred years. Industrialization has led to large units of production, manufacturing, distribution, marketing and retail business. The final food product, in this system, is quite often fairly anonymous and the consumer will most likely know very little concerning the origin of the product. In recent years, the market for locally produced food has grown. There is an increasing interest in and demand for locally produced food items.

For a company to get the best possible profitability, requires financial planning. Budgeting isa common tool in financial planning. For operating lamb producers, a planning program suchas Agriwise is a good tool. Individual lamb producers may change certain standard figureswithin the planning program to better correspond with reality of the individual cases. In thisway, lamb producers may plan according to which revenues and costs they may expect thenext period.

Sverige har 1936 tätorter (Boverket, 2006) varav flera av dem är orter med mindre än 2000 invånare. Alla vet hur dessa mindre orter ser ut och vad man menar med en stad eller landsbygd. Stad och land är väldokumenterade och analyserade, planering i städer finns det mycket skrivet om. Men det som finns mitt i mellan dessa är den lilla tätorten och om den finns det mindre skrivet. Arbetet tar upp vad den lilla tätorten är och vilken slags planering och livsmiljö som finns där. Att leva i en liten tätort är ett annat sätt än vad det är i staden eller på den rena landsbygden.

This thesis aims at investigating the two municipality?s Gislaved and Ljungby. Where the aim is to see if there is any connections, between the type and the degree of public-private partnerships, and the municipalities obtained environment performance. In this essay the starting point is that the environmental performance in the chosen municipalities is good.Interviews among local politicians and representatives for the municipalities plastic industries, has functioned as a way to test the hypothesis. Gislaved and Ljungby have thereafter been compared, in order to see if there is any similarity in the sort and the degree of public-private partnerships, and how that will affect the environmental performance. The overall questions in this essay are:How can the cooperation among the chosen municipalities and the      local business life be described? What kind of Public-private partnership      exists in the selected municipalities?Is there any difference between the municipalities, referring to      the degree of cooperation between the municipalities and the local      business life? Does the degree of cooperation affect the progress on the environmental      performance? The end result shows that the local business life doesn?t have any impact on the environmental performance.