I den tillverkande industrin ställer idag kunder krav på korta leveranstider samtidigt som de tillverkande företagen ser tid som en begränsad resurs. Detta innebär att företag tvingas fokusera på att reducera ledtiden och däribland produktionsledtiden. Vid tillverkning av kundanpassade produkter finns inte möjligheten att hålla lager för att snabbt kunna besvara kunders efterfrågan och därför måste dessa företag sträva efter att effektivisera sina processer för att reducera ledtiden.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur ledtiden kan reduceras i ett produktionssystem för kundanpassade produkter. Två frågeställningar har upprättats för att uppfylla syftet:1. Vilka möjliga orsaker finns till långa ledtider i ett produktionssystem som tillverkar kundanpassade produkter?2.

The construction process which is used today while constructing residential buildings has for along time remained unchanged. Unfortunately the development process has gone away frombecoming industrialized and instead most of the work is done at the construction site. In thisrespect this is a worse alternative because the project outcome will be more expensive and theconstruction time will be longer. Skanska?s vision is to have a process which is more like the oneused in small residential buildings which is fully industrialized.The constructing process for residential building involves more parties and therefore it becomesmore complicated.

ABSTRACTJuvenile is a phenomena that more or less always has been around in our societies. From a society perspective, a crime is committed if actions that the legislative power of state consider as unacceptable or actions that are punishable. There is no particular explanation to why certain people become criminal; crime can be caused by many different factors at the same time. There are several types of justice. In this essay, it is reparative justice for shoplifting in force, that will be illustrated.The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the shopkeepers experience incidents such as shoplifting or theft in their stores, and how they will react and act if they will be exposed by circumstances like that.

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett 10 veckor långt examensarbete om logistik i byggbranschen. Rapporten ska redovisa för- och nackdelar med Just In Time-logistik jämfört med lagerföring av material på byggarbetsplatsen. I arbetet ingår även att redovisa vissa extra kostnader som tillkommer i samband med respektive alternativ. Rapporten jämför de olika logistikmetoderna och utgår ifrån tre olika byggprojekt i stockholmsregionen som har helt olika förutsättningar. Målet med rapporten är att ta reda på om byggbranschen kan effektiviseras med Just In Time-logistik. Som hjälp för att nå målet har bland annat intervjuer gjorts och en enkät delats ut till de berörda på varje projekt.  Vad som kostar mest är inte helt enkelt att bestämma då vissa osäkra parametrar ingår i resultatet.

ABSTRACTJuvenile is a phenomena that more or less always has been around in our societies. From a society perspective, a crime is committed if actions that the legislative power of state consider as unacceptable or actions that are punishable. There is no particular explanation to why certain people become criminal; crime can be caused by many different factors at the same time. There are several types of justice. In this essay, it is reparative justice for shoplifting in force, that will be illustrated.The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the shopkeepers experience incidents such as shoplifting or theft in their stores, and how they will react and act if they will be exposed by circumstances like that.

From the customer?s perspective the only reason for a firm to exist is the value it creates. However, a problem within manufacturing companies is that of the total lead time, only a small part can be considered as value adding. It has further been discovered that when working with improvements businesses often sub-optimizes single processes instead of considering what benefits the entire company. Thus, when improving processes and activities it is important to have knowledge about and understand which factors that affect how the flow can be designed.Several studies have been performed with a wide perspective on process flows in order to obtain a more resource-efficient and value added flow.

Nimo Verken AB is the leading producer in the Scandinavia of drying cabinets. The construction has, with small changes, been the same since the 70s with a thermostat and a timer as controlling system. There was a wish to develop a modern cabinet which showed remaining time on a display and with energy saving functions.In this report we go through how it is possible to implement a digital controlling system, where remaining time is shown on a display and where it is possible to choose a preset ?program?.The report first presents the fundamental theory for a PIC, where we describe the different registers, how interrupts are handled, the internal clock function and how data is sent to control the different parts of the construction.Next the report presents and describes the new hardware that is needed, such as the encoder, the temperature sensor and the display.After the theory we describe how the program in the PIC may be drafted. Last in the report we have the result of the tests of the temperature variations and the accuracy of the time..

This thesis describes the universalization, improvement and further development of acompact crane support frame for flatbed trucks. The work has been conducted at Eloch Fordonsteknik AB (henceforth EFAB) in Uppsala.The aim of the work has been to shorten the assembly time of the product. By doingso, the product can be kept on shelf, which in turn results in shorter lead time. Thishas been done by universalizing the support frame to be compatible with most of thechassis EFAB works with. Additionally, the entire construction has been made lighter,which will make it a more attractive choice for customers.A pre-study was conducted and information was gathered internally, as well asexternally, in order to ascertain that no limitation or possibility was overlookedduring the course of the project.One such limitation has been the geometry of the truck bed that the support frameshall be compatible with.

Questions about discipline have always been current within the Swedish school system, from the sixteenth century until today. The purpose of this study is to compare the discipline in two old-time elementary schools, located on Gotland, with each other.This study will compare an old-time elementary school from the countryside with an old-time elementary school from a town to show the differences in discipline between the coun-tryside and a town. This study will also focus on how questions about discipline changes from 1847 to 1937/1941. In order to do so I have studied the regulations from the two schools and compared them with each other. When I discuss discipline I will use Michel Foucault?s theory concerning the development of power and discipline in modern society.My study shows that it did not differ much in questions of discipline between the two ex-amined old-time elementary schools.

In the year of 2009 the conditions for managing primary healthcare in the region of Västra Götalandchanged. The decision was taken by the regional assembly and resulted in that the citizens since thenhave had the opportunity to choose which health care provider they preferto stay with. Along with thisdecision a new market for private health careproviders was established, which resulted inincreasedcompetition between the providers.In order to manage the competition, the health care providers arenow forced to be more efficient in their operations andalso to beeven more focused on their patients.Backa Läkarhusgruppen is an example of a private healthcare provider in the region of Västra Götaland.In the same way it is also an example of anorganizationin need of analysing their operations to seehowit can be further optimized to meet patient needs and expectations.The aim of this study is to analyse Backa Läkarhusgruppen?s organization and its operationsin the hopeoffinding suggestions whichwill improve the patient flow.To allocate and solve the problems thatBacka Läkarhus suffer from,an approach inspired by Lean Healthcare is used throughout the report.Some of themost significant problems that were identified within the organization are:?The synchronization of demand and capacity is inadequate.?Absence of standardized routines.?Absence of present leadership.To be able to improve the patient flow Backa Läkarhus needs to handle these identified problem areas.By synchronizing the staffing level in relation to the trends in demand a reduction in the patient?swaiting times and throughput time will be possible. Creating clear responsibilities and routines for thestaff will contribute to a higher degree of patient focus and thus lead to a more efficient patient flow.

Efficient numerical methods for option pricing is an active field of research. This project has the goal to examine possible ways to improve an established method of numerical pricing. The method is based on an adaptive finite difference method in price and uses the backwards differentiation formula of order 2, BDF2, in time. The project will focus on improvements to the time integration through implementation of discontinuous Galerkin methods, dG. Empirical convergence and accuracy results are obtained for equidistant dG-methods up to order 3 and performance is compared to BDF2.

   To work and live in the same place where ones employer also is the landlord, can create a situation with many special requirements for the individual. Constrains regarding time, space and impact on social life is likely to appear. Based on theory and empirical research about the Boundaryless work and the Psychological contract the purpose of this report is to examine employees who live and work at the same place. This is done by studying the regulation regarding time and space factors and the psychological contracts in expectations and in violation of the psychological contract and the risks associated with this like Locked-in factors. The study includes interviews with managers and employees (n=9).

Background: Testosterone is the most important androgenic hormone in the male. Aging is closely associated with reduction of serum testosterone which can lead to reduced muscle mass, muscle strength, bone density, and depression. These symptoms may be counteracted by administration of testosterone. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hormone replacement in men with age-related testosterone deficiency. Method: We performed a systematic review using Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT).

The horse's motivations to forage and eat are behaviors that horse owners should take into consideration when designing the horse's living environment. In today?s housing of horses, horses are often kept alone in boxes and paddocks and are fed with small amounts of energy-rich roughage. Problems that can arise with a shortened feeding-time and long periods of fasting are behavioral changes like stereotypic behaviors and an increased risk for ulcers. A solution to the short feeding-time is that you are feeding roughage in a small mesh hay net, or a so-called Slow-feed net.

It has become increasingly simple for companies to offer its employees shares in the form of incentive or option plans to acquire.  Companies motivate incentive plans with employee buy-outs that it will lead to higher involvement of work. The offers are often associated with disposal restrictions to the employee such as not immediately dispose of shares or that the employees will have to remain of employment within a certain timeframe. The problems with disposal restrictions are that it makes it difficult to determine the point of taxation.When shares deemed acquired at the time of share subscription the benefit will be taxable as income from service and the increase in value income from capital. When shares are deemed to be acquired only after cessation of disposal restrictions this will result in that the benefit is taxed only once.After the Supreme Administrative Court rulings in 3167-09 and 3168-09, it is now obvious that the acquisition is deemed to occur at the time of acquisition. The problem is not yet solved because the constant development of the security market needs to be considered.