To support uniform and fair assessment of Swedish students? English language competences, mandatory National tests are provided both for secondary and upper secondary education. The current thesis may be seen as a contribution to the further development and validation of these tests, with regard to the likely introduction of computerized testing methods. The aim is to gain further knowledge from current research in the field, to study and elucidate international experiences of implementation, and to gather and analyze feedback from students and teachers. Based on my findings, some tentative conclusions will be drawn, and recommendations made concerning future developments.

During the past few years an increased attention has been paid to environmental issues in the construction and property sector in Sweden. In order to simplify the work with these issues a Swedish environmental certification system for buildings called Miljöbyggnad has been developed. This thesis aims to investigate the opinion of a selected number of selected property owners of Miljöbyggnad. From that basis recommendations and actions for the future work with the system will be presented.The investigation has been conducted through personal interviews with five property owners. The main issues that the interviews have been based on are their purpose, experiences, perceived complications and future prospects in terms of certification using Miljöbyggnad.The system intends to be cost-effective, simple and to offer a relevant environmental assessment of buildings and the result from the report indicates that this is largely fulfilled.

Multipel Skleros (MS) är en kronisk neurologisk sjukdom som drabbar det centrala nervsystemet. Vanliga symptom är optikusneurit, svaghet i extremiteter, fatigue, spasticitet, balansnedsättningar och smärtproblematik. Fatigue är ett av de vanligaste symptomen som finns hos 78-95 % av personer med MS. Behandling för fatigue sker oftast farmakologiskt men kan även behandlas med exempelvis träning. Flertalet studier visar på att träning kan minska fatigue.

Hypermobilitet är ett tillstånd där rörelseomfånget är ökat. Av världens population beräknas 4-40 % leva med tillståndet. Hypermobilitet förekommer i större frekvens hos kvinnor samt hos individer med ursprung från Asien och Afrika. Hypermobilitet minskar med åldern. Symptom som smärta kan uppkomma men individerna kan lika gärna vara fria från symptom.

Altmetrics, a subfield of informetrics, is still in development. The aim of this thesis is to explore; the significance altmetrics may have in the LIS field, and to define the new perspectives altmetrics offer in comparison to traditional metrics. The research questions are:- How can altmetrics affect research assessment?- How does altmetrics position itself towards traditional metrics?- How could altmetrics influence the LIS field?A qualitative content analysis was used as a method. The analysis of a sample of ten peer reviewed articles was based on a coding scheme with eleven codes.

An increased awareness about the global warming has created a demand for more information on how the climate is affected by different activities.This master thesis was initiated by Tricorona, a Swedish company that offers its customers analysis and calculation of their climate impact. Tricorona also supplies climate neutralisation with CERs, in accordance with the Kyoto protocol and controlled by the UN. This work demands updated emission factors for greenhouse gases. An emission factor gives information about the greenhouse gasintensity of a service or a product [kg CO2-eq./ functional unit].The purpose of this thesis is to examine how electricity, district heating, hotels, taxis, food and materials affect the climate and how emission factors for these areas can be calculated.This was done by reviewing and comparing different studies and by interviewing experts. The information was evaluated and recommendations on calculations and emission factors were made.The consumption of energy is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions for district heating, electricity, hotels, taxis and materials.

Introduktion: Jodbaserade röntgenkontrastmedel är bland de vanligaste använda läkemedel som administreras intravenöst. Kontrastmedel vid radiologiska undersökningar kan ge upphov till olika typer av överkänslighetsreaktioner, därför är det viktigt för röntgensjuksköterskor att kunna vara förberedda och observanta på symptom för att kunna tillgodose en patientsäker vård. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att studera symtombild och hur ofta överkänslighetsreaktioner inträffar, samt vilka patienter som är mest utsatta för kontrastmedelsöverkänslighetsreaktioner vid radiologiska undersökningar med intravenös eller intraarteriell administrering av jodbaserat icke-joniskt kontrastmedel. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt inom området radiografi och utfördes systematiskt för att sortera ut vetenskaplig forskning som kunde ge svar på syftet. 15 artiklar analyserades.

BAKGRUND FODMAP är en behandlingsmetod för IBS som kommer från Australien och som är relativt ny i Sverige. FODMAP betyder Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Monosacharides and Polyols och går ut på att begränsa mängden fermenterbara kolhydrater i kosten. Dessa kolhydrater har i studier visat sig kunna orsaka många av de symptom som IBS-patienter lider av och att så många som 3 av 4 av de patienter som testar behandlingen får reducerade symptom.SYFTE Syftet med studien var att undersöka och belysa dietisters erfarenheter, uppfattning och hantering av FODMAP.METOD Kvalitativa intervjuer baserade på en semistrukturerad frågeguide genomfördes. Totalt 12 dietister intervjuades och samtalen skedde via personliga besök eller telefon. Intervjuerna spelades in för att sedan transkriberas.

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate teachers' professional attitude to homework as a method. The study will also provide answers to the purpose for which the homeworks are used in teaching and if the individual circumstances and needs are met by this method.Method: Qualitative research was conducted through interviews with four teachers from three different schools. In addition, published surveys were used in support of reasoning.Results: Neither the curriculum or the syllabus mentions homework. There are no directives for how much time should be dispensed with and the extent of a homework should be. In teacher training literature the homework is not discussed.

An auditors? job is to review the company's figures and, as an independent part, give an accurate picture of its financial situation. Auditors have to relate to ISA where ISA 570 can be found and which deals with the going concern. The standard addresses a couple of factors that may be indications that a company can have problems with their continued operation. The problem is that ISA does not evaluate the events, which is more significant than others in the assessment, but it is up to the auditor to consider.The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors, which the auditor believes is more important than others in assessing the going concern and explain why it is so.

The environmental assessment system Miljöbyggnad is a Swedish system initiated by Bygga-Bo-Dialogen to assess buildings with regards to three main areas; ?Energy?, ?Indoor climate? and ?Materials?. A building can obtain three different classifications depending on how well it manages to meet the demands. GOLD is the highest classification and is followed by SILVER and BRONZE. The majority of the measures needed to comply with the demands are done during the design phase.

Swedish studies have shown that more people than expected have problems with leg ulcers and that the yearly cost for treatment per patient is approximately 26 500kr. Since the elderly population is on the rise, there is a need to highlight this growing problem, to make sure that proper assessment tools are used and to improve the standard of care given to patients with leg ulcers. The aim was to show what a difference the nurse can make to patients with leg ulcers. With all types of wounds it is imperative to establish if there is any underlying reasons since certain illnesses can cause more wounds or delay the healing process. The doctor is responsible for making the diagnosis and to prescribe the correct treatment whereas the nurse?s responsibility is for the nursing care and its documentation.

Metakognitiva processer och förmågor innefattar bland annat människans förmåga att reflektera över sin egen kunskapsnivå och minneskapacitet, och att utifrån detta till exempel kunna reglera tid och inlärningsstrategier vid inlärningssituationer. Kännetecknande för en person som räknas till att vara expert inom en viss domän är bland annat att denne anses kunna övervaka sin kunskapsnivå på ett korrekt sätt. Denna studie undersöker om personer med stor domänkunskap uppvisar en större förmåga till metakognitiv övervakning än vad personer med sämre domänkunskap gör. Aktuell kunskapsdomän i denna studie är deklarativ kunskap kring fotboll, och fotbollsspelare och ledare rekryterades som försöksdeltagare. Förmågan till metakognitiv övervakning mättes med hjälp av mätteknikerna Assessment of Cognitive Monitoring Effectiveness (ACME) och Metacognitive Knowledge Monitoring Assessment (KMA), där försöksdeltagarna i samband med att ett kunskapstest genomförs får avgöra vilka frågor de tror sig kunna eller inte kunna svaret på.

This master's thesis aims to explore the field of evaluative bibliometrics. In short, this field of research uses bibliometrics - i.e. the application of mathematical and statistical methods to books and other media of communication - as a research assessment tool. In recent years, evaluative bibliometrics has been an increasingly used method in research evaluation and is today used and implemented in many countries worldwide. Today, in Sweden, we can also see that evaluative bibliometrics is highly recognised and, in some cases, used in practice.

Background: In previous studies on the subject hope it has been revealed that hope is an important condition for the experience of health, quality of life and well-being. In the literature hope is described as a great support in life that is vital for a person's life and for how the person manages to become afflicted with a fatal disease. Within palliative care the 6S: s is a person-centered model for care that is directed towards the promotion of patient´s participation, relief from suffering and enablement of well-being and support of the patient and his or her family members. Aim: To describe how patients find hope in their situation in palliative care, and to examine whether there is an interaction between the different dimensions of 6 S: s model and with patients' experiences of hope. Methods: This degree project is literature study.