Background: Pressure ulcers have during a long time ages caused great suffering for the patients. The factors affecting the occurrence of pressure ulcers can be both internal and external, such as immobility and malnutrition. Nurses´ role is to assess risks and thus pay attention to prevent and treat pressure ulcers. The nurse may use various assessment tools to highlight and document patients at risk for developing pressure ulcers. Aim: This study was to describe health professionals´ thoughts and actions about the pressure ulcers.

Limb-sparing surgery aims to provide a functional pain free leg for the patient after removal of a local tumour in the leg. Reasons to perform limb-sparing instead of amputation can be arthrosis or hipdysplasia or other problems with the locomotor apparatus that makes the patient unsuitable for amputataion. Owner reluctance to amputate is another reason for limb-sparing. This master?s thesis is a case study of a dog with an osteosarcoma in its distal radius. The dog was treated by a limb-sparing method that uses the ipsilateral ulna as a vascularized roll-over autograft.

SummaryPatients with burn injuries involving more than 20 percent of the total body surface area lose a lot of fluid and are in the risk of developing a severe hypovolemia. Fluid resuscitation is a corner stone in burn care and is important for preventingfurthercomplications. The most common resuscitation formula is the Parkland Formula. Hourly urine output is a measure used to evaluate if the fluid given is sufficient enough to maintain a sustainable tissue perfusion. Inhalation injury, abuse of alcohol and drugs are some of the factors that may increase the amountoffluid needed.

SAMMANFATTNING Detta examensarbete syftar till att kvalitetssäkra omvårdnaden av hästar med medicinsk kolik på djursjukhusens stationärvårdsavdelning. Genom att bidra med ett förslag till standardvårdplan för hästar med medicinsk kolik vill vi optimera hästens vård och omvårdnad under sjukhusvistelsen. Syftet med att arbeta med standardvårdplaner (SVP) är att skapa högkvalitativ omvårdnad, underlätta dokumentationsarbetet och i förlängningen kunna få mer tid till att se och vårda den enskilde patienten. Kolik är en åkomma med många olika samverkande faktorer, både miljöbetingade och eventuellt ärftliga Kolik i matsmältningskanalen delas ofta in i medicinsk- och kirurgisk kolik och i detta arbete läggs vikten på medicinsk kolik. Huvuddelen (~90 %) av all kolik kräver ingen kirurgi och tillhör därmed gruppen medicinsk kolik. Kolikavsnittet i arbetet är tänkt som en kunskapsöversikt över sjukdomstillståndet och ska användas som ett styrdokument för att trygga en kvalitativ basnivå på omvårdnaden. I standardvårdplanen har ett antal riskområden identifierats och därefter har riskdiagnoser, mål och åtgärder för att uppnå huvudmålet - en kolikfri patient, utarbetats. Därpå utvecklades kryssprotokoll för parametrar vid observation av kolikhäst och för smärtbedömning vid medicinsk kolik. Nyckelord: dokumentation, medicinsk kolik, omvårdnad, standardvårdplan SUMMARY This diploma work aims to assure the quality care of horses with medical colic on the veterinary hospital's stationary ward.

Background and aims: The population of older people in our society is increasing. Agerelated changes in the skin results in a diminished perception of pain and pressure and a decreased microcirculation in the skin affects its ability to adapt to injury. Occurrence of pressure sore on geriatrikal clinics are 5-10%, witch means that between five and ten thousand patients gets daily treat for pressure sores. When the patient gets a pressure sore the need for help increases. A common apprehension is that if the patient?s affects with pressure sores it?s because of deficiency in care.

SAMMANFATTNINGIntroduktion: Utvecklingen inom somatisk slutenvård har under de senaste decennierna gått mot kortare vårdtider. En del patienter på sjukhus vårdas under betydligt längre tid än genomsnittet. Detta skulle kunna leda till fysiskt lidande för patienten, en känsla av hopplöshet på grund av ovisshet gällande sjukdomsförlopp och vårdtidens längd, saknad av familj, en längtan tillbaka till arbetslivet och övrigt socialt liv. Få studier inom medicinsk slutenvård har undersökt patienters upplevelser av att vårdas länge på sjukhus. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att vårdas mer är 40 dagar på sjukhus.

Current research shows that the number of door openings during surgery is unjustifiably high. It is the operating room nurses task to ensure a hygienic and aseptic environment throughout the surgery with the goal of minimizing the risk of healthcare associated infection. The study aims to investigate whether the operating room nurse is attentive to the number of door openings during surgery and if the operating room nurse is attentive to the reasons behind the door openings. A pilot study with nine observations was carried out on two smaller hospitals in the region of Västra Götaland. The results showed a significant underestimation of the rated door openings compared with the actual ones.

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskans uppfattning om vad som är en god död för patienter inom palliativ vård.Metoden är en beskrivande litteraturstudie med vetenskapliga artiklar som grund.                                 Litteraturstudiens huvudresultat redovisas i två underrubriker; ?Sjuksköterskans uppfattningar om en god död inom palliativ vård? och ?Sjuksköterskans sätt att hantera olika situationer vid vård av patienter i livets slutskede?. Det är viktigt att att kommunikationen mellan patient och sjuksköterska fungerar på ett lämpligt sätt och att tid avsätts för samtal. Motivation, erfarenhet, struktur, diskussion och reflektion behövs för att ge god och trygg vård som leder till en värdig död. Att ge stöd till patienter och närstående är en trygghet för sjuksköterskan.

Introduction: Our lifestyle habits affect our health and unhealthy habits are a contributing factor to disease. Health care is an arena that should work with health promotion. MI (motivational interviewing) is a method used in various forms of care to work with lifestyle. Aim: To map methods with intention to be used in Swedish primary care, to work with the lifestyle habits diet, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco. Method: This is a literature based study.

This student report is about neutering male and female cats and compares early ageneutering to neutering at the traditional age of 6 months.The main focus in this report is early age neutering, which means that neutering isperformed when the kittens are between 6 and 16 weeks of age. This technique has beenused by shelters in the United States for a long time, to prevent the adopted cats fromreproduce and contribute to the problem of overpopulation.Two different surgical methods are also addressed; the ventral midline incision and thelateral flank approach. Ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy are also compared.I also address which drugs are preferable when kittens are neutered and some importantguidelines where you have to be extra careful when dealing with kittens.These guidelines are the preanesthetic evaluation, calculating drug dosages and preventinghypothermia, hypoglycaemia and stress.The report also has a summary of the concerns regarding early age neutering such asanaesthetic risks, growth disorders and growth plate fractures, urologic diseases andimmune system dysfunction, obesity, altered metabolism and behavioural changes.The sex hormones and how they change after neutering is also included.At the end of the report there is a compilation of a questionnaire that consists of eightquestions that I sent out to various animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Sweden..

Backround: Many studies indicate that people with mental illness often suffer from physical illness. Many people with mental illness do not exercise even though they often have knowledge about the benefits of physical activity. Studies suggest that psychiatric patients have the desire to have an everyday life with more content. It is apparent in studies that healthcare professionals believe that it is the patients' own responsibility to keep themselves physically active.Aim: The primary objective with this study is to examine motivation and possible obstacles to exercise for persons with self-perceived mental illness and experience of psychiatric care. The secondary objective is to investigate how psychiatric care may be of importance to people with mental illness when it comes to exercise.Methods: Semi-structured interviews.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the nurse?s work at an emergency department trough a perspective of caring.Method: A literature review has been made of twelve studies published between the years of 2002 ? 2012. The focus of all the studies was on Swedish emergency departments.  Results: The researchers found four themes that they choose to use as a way of describing the nurses work in the emergency room as detailed as possible. These themes were: ?The emergency room?, ?the nurse?s job assignments at an emergency department?, ?the patient?s experiences? and ?lifeworld and communication?.

The aim of this study was to describe non-surgical treatment options for the diseases mucositis and peri-implantitis found in present literature. The literature review also illustrates the effect of the treatment opptions on soft tissue with mucositis and peri-implantitis surrounding dental implants. The study reviews twelve scientific articles that have been processed from the aim of the study. The result shows six therapy options, Er:YAG laser, air abrasive, ultrasonic device, hand instruments, hand instruments in combination with antibiotics and hand instruments in combination with clorhexidin. The following methods are described according to how they are used and how they affect the soft tissue surrounding dental implants.

Background:When the patient is critically ill the family is in a vulnerable position. The nurse's role is to support and help the family to find meaning in the difficult situation and to provide realistic hope. Balancing between the patient's and the family's needs is difficult. Knowledge about how nurses experience difficulties in the interaction with family is required in order to grant good care too critically ill patients and their family-members.Aim:To describe nurses' perceived difficulties in the interaction with family-members of critically ill patients.Method:The study is a qualitative literature-based study based on qualitative research. Results: The analysis resulted in four main themes; difficult disunion, environmental constraints, interpersonal difficulties and communicative difficulties.

Background: Nurses´daily has to face death and dying in their work with patients in a palliative state.  This means both emotionell and workrelated challenges. However nurses in this context are not experiencing more stress then others.Aim: The aim is to describe nurses´experiences of caring for patients in a palliative state.Method: A litterature review based on ten qualitative articles published between 2006- 2012. To collect data we used the databases Cinahl, PubMed, Nursing Allied Health Source and Medline. We worked with Fribergs (2006) model ?Contribute to evidensbased care with a base in analyses of qualitative science? in the analysis.Result: Four main themes were identified; The meaning of the nurses´ spirituality in the care, Why the nurse choose to work in this field, To be certain in the professional role and The meaning of the caring relationship.