Today Holmen Skog finds and selects suitable thinning stands using data on upper height and basal area. These figures are often based on basic forest data that has been updated with the help of growth prediction models. The problem is that these figures are not always correct. The aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of data from a profiling laser and a digital camera for low elevation photography, can be used for collecting data on number of Stems per ha, tree species mixture as well as basal area weighted mean height and upper height for stands. The possibility to use these data to assess the need for thinning cutting was also investigated.Laser data and aerial photographs were collected from a helicopter operating at an approximate height of 100 meters.

During half a century the society has been changed from an industrial to knowledge-driven society. Industry companies have standardized requirements and companies that works with development in production has unique qualifications. The public employment office was created during a time that each tailored to then general requirements were dominating and the adaptation average appropriate worker and appropriate work where general. When the monopoly was stopped, crew companies begun to settle down on the market that flexibly adapt themselves to carried out now specialized needs that require sophisticated adaptation average work and job seekers. Companies lose the confidence for the public employment office and politicians threaten the organization with big closure.

The demand for renewable energy is increasing in Sweden. This consequently increases the pressure for and willingness to pay for forest fuels. One method to extract forest fuel from suitable commercial thinnings is the "long top method? (LT-method). With this method saw logs and non-delimbed tops are recovered, i.e.

Introduktion Autolog stamcellstransplantation a?r idag en vanlig behandling vid myelom och ho?gmaligna lymfom hos patienter <65 a?r utan omfattande komorbiditet. Behandlingen delas upp i fem faser: induktionsbehandling, stamcellsmobilisering, stamcellssko?rd, konditionering med ho?gdoscytostatika och stamcellsa?tergivning/transplantation. Initialt behandlades alla patienter som genomgick autolog stamcellstransplantation inom slutenva?rden under den sista behandlingsfasen, det vill sa?ga i samband med konditionering och stamcellsa?tergivning.

Dagens organisationer använder sig allt mer av integrerade syStemlösningar för att på så sätt kunna bli effektivare i sina processer (Myerson, 2001). Det finns flera orsaker som lig-ger till grund till detta, så som till exempel lägre kostnader för organisationen, och att göra den mer konkurrenskraftig på marknaden (Myerson, 2001). Fördelen med integrerade sy-Stem är att de möjliggör för till exempel att två skilda avdelningar inom en organisation kan kommunicera med varandra, med hjälp av mindre eller större nätverk, oberoende av var de än befinner sig i världen. Med hjälp av detta så kan de dela vital information, vilket kan be-hövas inom de respektive avdelningarna. Då de flesta organisationer på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med kundinformation, som till exempel personnummer, så måste det finnas någon form av skydd mot både yttre och inre hot.Dessa hot mot integrerade syStem i organisationerna leder till misstro hos kunden samtidigt som det även lyfter fram de problem som kan skapas av dem, vilket leder till att kunderna kan komma att fråga sig själva om deras personliga information är tillräckligt skyddade.Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om kommunens befintliga integrerade syStem är till-räckligt pålitliga när det kommer till individens personliga information.För att kunna nå fram till ett resultat så fokuserade vi arbetet på hur det ser ut i praktiken, eftersom det inte finns så många studier kring integrerade syStem och säkerhet rörande per-sonlig information.

Det decimala positionssyStemet kan idag anses vara lika självklart inom matematikundervisning på högstadie- och gymnasieskolan som att vi människor har tio fingrar. Det är sällan det decimala positionssyStemet diskute-ras och ifrågasätts. Däremot vet vi att det inte alltid förstås helt och fullt av elever och det behöver lärare vara medvetna om eftersom en förståelse av positionssyStemet är väsentlig för att eleverna ska utvecklas vidare inom matematik.En betydande del av syftesbeskrivningen för matematikämnet i LGR11 behandlar matematikens historia. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att göra en övergripande presentation av de talsyStem som utvecklats genom historien och därefter diskutera deras för- och nackdelar utifrån tre inriktningar; olika typer av talsyStem, beräkning i olika talsyStem samt hur dessa tillämpas idag. Slutligen diskuterar vi vilka didaktiska fördelar kunskap om talsy-Stem, dess uppbyggnad och utveckling har hos lärare och elever.Arbetet är en litteraturstudie och visar att det genom historien har funnits flertalet taltecken och talsyStem som använts i olika kulturer.

I arbetet med att bygga den hållbara staden får komplexiteten ses som en av de största utmaningarna. I takt med vetenskapens utveckling och alla nya forsk-ningsresultat blir arbetet dessutom hela tiden mer komplext. År 2007 nåddes brytpunkten då över hälften av världens befolkning var bosatta i städer. Den glo-bala urbaniseringen förutspås accelerera ytterligare och år 2050 förväntas ca sju miljarder människor vara bosatta i urbana områden. För att finna effektiva lösningar på de enorma utmaningar detta innebär, behövs nya sätt att tänka och nya verktyg för att hantera denna komplexa verklighet. Ex-empel på sådana verktyg är olika typer av hållbarhets- och miljöcertifieringssy-Stem.

Sweden has today the highest moose (Alces alces) population in the world. The population has been very high since the late seventies and in the beginning of the eighties there was a big ?moose explosion?. The main food source for moose during the winter is young pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula spp.). The high moose population has therefore lead to high damage on pine forests over big areas.

The modern silvicultural practices of today, with cutting by compartments, have led to a large benefit for the moose population through the cleared areas which produces large amount of fodder. This new landscape can produce and feed a large moose population. But it will cause a conflict effect towards the landowners; the conflict consists of browsing mainly in the young pine forest. The result from browsing and damage will be sparse stands with reduced growth and technical damage like leader shoot browsing, Stem breaking and damage of the bark. Technical damage can kill the tree or damage it so hard that it would not work as future saw timber.

Large areas of forests in the tropical region have during the last decades been lost and converted to new land uses while other areas have been degraded into secondary forests. These secondary forests need to be restored and rehabilitation through enrichment planting and liberation may help to speed up the recovery process. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate a rehabilitation method that includes enrichment planting, slashing of weeds and girdling of unwanted trees. The site for the project is situated in Sabah, Borneo in a secondary forest which had been logged and burnt by a wildfire. The project?s goal is to rehabilitate and increase biodiversity through enrichment planting of seedlings mainly belonging to the family Dipterocarpeaceae (dipterocarps).

A?r fika pa? jobbet nyckeln till god service? Denna fra?ga sta?llde vi oss och valde att titta na?rmare pa? hur servicekultur och belo?ningssyStem ho?r ihop. Servicekultur har visat sig vara ett la?ngsiktigt konkurrensmedel bland ba?de produkt- och tja?nstefo?retag, och belo?ningar har visat sig kunna motarbeta en servicekultur om de anva?nds pa? fel sa?tt.Vi har valt att utfo?ra en fallstudie pa? tva? fo?rsa?kringsbolags lokala kontor i Umea?. Detta eftersom det ena fo?retaget anva?nder sig av individuell prestationsbaserad belo?ning vil- ket enligt servicekulturlitteraturen kan motarbeta en servicekultur, samt att det andra fo?retaget inte uttalat anva?nder sig av belo?ning, men har ett mer gemensamt bonussy- Stem, vilket enligt servicekulturlitteraturen kan gynna en servicekultur.

The use of alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco have all long been considered health hazards, especially among children and teenagers. It is therefor not surprising to find that schools have promoted against the use of these substances in different preventative programs for many decades, and the Swedish school syStem is no exception. However, the use of, as well as the laws restricting alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco are, and have historically been, highly political issues. Individuals, groups, institutions, and states may all have different opinions on how these substances should be regulated and of their place in society, which in turn may lead to conflicts of values and different approaches. One can not expect parents or guardians to share the views on alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco policy presented by schools, laws or state regulations.

Wildlife is a valuable and renewable resource that promotes economical, ecological and social values. These values are important for developing and maintaining many rural societies. However, growing ungulate populations have led to increased browsing pressure on valuable forest trees and crops. Previous studies have proposed supplementary feeding and gamefields as potential methods for controlling the ungulate foraging and reducing browsing damage by providing other attractive food resources. However, quantitative estimates of potential biomass production of various gamefield crops and browsing pressure on the surrounding forest have been lacking.

A recommendation for stand treatment of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) is, in a scientific point of view, lacking when it comes to harvesting for biomass energy. Within the next decades it is expected that 280 000 hectares of lodgepole pine will have reached thinning age on the domains of Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA). Due to this the interest has grown rapidly for studying the possibilities of harvesting biofuel assortments already in the first thinning. In this study the distribution of the biomass within lodgepole pine trees has been studied and taken into account for estimating the proportions of harvested assortments when using different methods of thinning. The methods studied were conventional biofuel-harvesting (with delimbed branches gathered separately from the round wood) and thinning with cutting of round wood and long tops (incl.

The biodiversity of the Swedish forest has degenerated since the beginning of the 19th century when fire suppression and large scale logging first occurred. Together with a changed land use, these actions today have had a negative influence on many forest dwelling species, due to gradual reduction of natural processes, successions and different structures from the forest ecosyStem. The Swedish Forest Act, together with different environment certifications, have today encouraged private persons and forest companies, among them Holmen Skog, to work actively to improve nature conservation. The aim of this study was to, by field inventories of already existing nature values, literature studies, recommendations from scientific reports and ecological gap analysis as a basis, make a management plan, for a non-production area, to conserve or improve the prerequisites for biodiversity. ?Storskogsberget? is located in the coastal area of Västerbotten County, 35 km from the city of Umeå.