Every plan and program decided on by an authority or municipality, where the environmental impact can be considerable, must be environmentally assessed according to Environmental Code, the Planning and Building Act (PBA) and the Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment.The purpose of this study is to examine the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for The Region Development Plan for the Stockholm Region, RUFS 2010. The plan was approved by at that time the Regional Planning Office (Regionplanekontoret), which procured the process by consultants. RUFS 2010 includes two merged plans ie. a regional Development Plan (RUP) and the Regional Spatial Plan for Stockholm. It was necessary to establish an environmental assessment of RUP, but not for the regional plan.

European cities of today are under the challenge to find ways to stay competitive and flourish in a rapidly changing world, where the old patterns of centrality and periphery not necessarily holds true. New and improved communication networks, a changed political geography in Europe, and the globalisation of not only the financial and industrial markets but also to a certain extent the globalisation of people, have all led to great challenges for cities and regions.In a changed spatial reality the classic monocentric models are challenged by newer models of urbanisation. The polycentric urban region is one such model which has been used to describe urban regions like the Randstad in the Netherlands and the Rhein-Ruhr region in Germany. Regions which lack the single dominant central city of the monocentric models of old, and instead shows a high degree of more equal-sized and sometimes more specialised cities in regional cooperation. The polycentric urban region is in that aspect a possible model for how other urbanised regions in Europe may act to be able to position themselves as attractive urban regions and regional hubs in the European urban network.Polycentric urban regions are not a universal solution, though.

?gats fixeringar, punkterna d?r blicken stannar, och sackader, de snabba hoppen mellan fixeringar, bildar ett unikt punktm?nster i tid och rum. Dessa m?nster kan d?refter analyseras och till?mpas inom olika discipliner. Syftet med detta arbete ?r att bygga statistiska modeller som efterliknar dessa m?nster.

Pigs are often mentioned as relatively intelligent animals when compared to other nonhuman species. Despite this knowledge, the vast majority of pigs are kept under conditions that lack opportunities to satisfy their cognitive needs. Therefore, a need to evaluate the present scientific studies about pig cognition was acknowledged, in order to evaluate to what extent the knowledge is applied in the husbandry of finishing pigs. If a considerable lack of application was determined, suggestions about how to use the obtained information to improve pig welfare were also to be made. A synthesis of the present literature was made, and it could be concluded that a considerable amount of studies had been carried out in the present area. The pigs of today appear to have the same behavioural and cognitive needs as their ancestor, the wild boar.

To effectively manage a forest resource for both economic and other values good planning is required. The problem is complex since you want to know which forest to cut and when. Often a hierarchical planning structure is applied, including strategic (long-term), tactical, (medium-term) and operational level. Today SCA Forest is one of few forestry companies in the northern Sweden with an integrated forest wood supply and industry. The goals of the company are to supply their own industries with wood and to manage the resources of the forest through a long-term perspective with satisfactory profitability.

The aim of this study has been to make clear the conception of ?The Garden City?, and also to investigate why and how the garden city has come to be a more frequent and attractive form of settlement in our Swedish community. The essay is supported by a literature study about the garden city from its beginning (1890?s) to present time. To make a distinct explanation of the garden cities progress over time, I have studied the idea behind two garden cities of today, Tullinge and Vistabergs garden city.

Nematodes are perhaps the most common animals in the world. Nematode populations can reach densities up to several millions per square meter in the soil. There are many factors which affect nematode communities in arable soil with respect to diversity and population size. Factors like tillage, crop, fertilization, nutrient status and moisture in the soil all have an impact on soil biology and in this way also have effects on the nematode community. This study is based on three different parts, soil samples taken in March 2012 and March 2013, soil samples taken monthly during the growth season of 2013 in bare fallow plots and a pot experiment.

Every plan and program decided on by an authority or municipality, where the environmental impact can be considerable, must be environmentally assessed according to Environmental Code, the Planning and Building Act (PBA) and the Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment.The purpose of this study is to examine the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for The Region Development Plan for the Stockholm Region, RUFS 2010. The plan was approved by at that time the Regional Planning Office (Regionplanekontoret), which procured the process by consultants. RUFS 2010 includes two merged plans ie. a regional Development Plan (RUP) and the Regional Spatial Plan for Stockholm. It was necessary to establish an environmental assessment of RUP, but not for the regional plan.

Sammanfattning En stad och dess stadsdelar kan planeras på olika sätt, mycket beroende på tidens ideal och politik. Stadens planering kan ses som ett skelett, den struktur som ska vara stadens ryggrad. Utan ett skelett växer staden som ett ryggradslöst djur, en amöba. Ett skelett kan ha olika utseenden och strukturer beroende på hur det ska användas, fågel, fisk eller mitt emellan. På samma sätt kan stadsplanering fungera med olika strukturer och utseende. Tanken med detta arbete är att på ett område i Karlskrona kommun, göra olika planförslag enligt mitt sätt att se på de olika planeringsidealen.

Under 2011 implementerade den svenska regeringen en lag om fysisk planering och hur den ska ta hänsyn till det regionala perspektivet. Den regionala nivån har traditionellt sett varit svag i Sverige i jämförelse med den lokala och nationella nivån och den fysiska planeringen ligger på kommunernas ansvar. Den regionala nivån har också anklagats, från vetenskapen och forskare, att vara avpolitiserande och fokusera på förhandling och samförstånd. Den fy-siska planeringen är organiserad och drivs genom demokratiska processer på kommunal nivå och det är politikerna som fattar de beslut som den fysiska planeringen jobbar efter.När fysisk planering ska ta hänsyn till det regionala perspektivet förändras villkoren för poli-tiken och det blir en förändrad politisk arena. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera aktörer i Värmland och deras syn på denna förändrade arena och de nya villkoren för politik den för med sig.

Brownout-fenomenet ligger till grund för ungefär 75 procent av alla flygolyckor inom NATO. Olyckorna sker under start och landningssekvenser i torra klimat då sand virvlar upp och försämrar pilotens sikt utifrån helikoptern. Under brownout förlorar piloten visuella referenser utanför helikoptern vilket gör att denne omedvetet kan tappa kontrollen över helikoptern och således kan hamna i plötsligt drift. Därför har NATO i samarbete med bland annat Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut (FOI) försökt finna en lösning på problemen som uppstår vid brownout. Syftet med föreliggande studie är främst att undersöka om deltagares användning av taktila driftdisplayer leder till mindre drift än vid användning av en visuell driftdisplay samt undersöka med vilken av de taktila displayerna som leder till minst drift.

The Nord Stream natural gas pipeline has been a controversial project. The debate was primarily escalated by Poland's strong negative reaction to the project in the spring of 2006 over safety and security and then alternated back and forth in Europe until the approval by the nations most concerned in the Baltic region during the autumn of 2009.In the case study an approach is used that primarily maps out the media image of the various viewpoints that deal with the pipeline and how these viewpoints position themselves, primarily through political and environmental dimensions. Simultaneously there?s an attempt to map out the spatial spread of the media image views as to the proximity and distance to the pipeline in Sweden, Poland and Germany. A key question is whether distance or proximity to a large facility can affect people's attitudes.A parallel focus of the study is to explore the role of the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline in the cross-border hinterland region of Szczecin-?winouj?cie.

Detta arbete syftar till att få förståelse för den konflikt som uppstått i samband med planeringen av Nya Slussen. Den syftar också till att mer generellt kunna säga något om konflikter i samband med planeringsprocesser. Arbetet börjar med en introduktion till fysisk planering som verksamhetsområde med syftet att sätta in den vidare studien i en kontext. Eftersom den senare teoretiska delen förklarar teorier om generella konflikter ansåg denna del vara nödvändig för att få en djupare förståelse för resultatet av den senare dokumentstudien. Introduktionen till fysisk planering tar upp information, teorier och begrepp som förklarar fysisk planerings som verksamhetsområde och behandlar ämnen så som planprocessen, allmänna och enskilda intressen, planeringspolitik, aktörerna och deras attityder gentemot varandra och planeringsteori och demokratimodeller. Teoridelen försöker sedan att redogöra för konflikters uppkomst och upptrappning.

Det är av stor vikt att utomhusmiljön planeras och utformas på ett sätt som möjliggör för en självständig orientering och förflyttning för personer med blindhet. Ett sätt att öka personer med blindhets möjligheter till en mer självständig vardag är att utforma så kallade taktila ledstråk. Taktila ledstråk definieras som en sammanhängande kedja av ledande element från start till mål. De ledande elementen kan bestå av antingen naturliga eller artificiella ledytor. Enligt tidigare forskning beskrivs de naturliga ledytorna som mest användbara vid orientering och förflyttning för personer med blindhet, och bör därför först tillvaratas enligt svensk lagstiftning.

AbstractWe are facing a century of rapid change in climate, with significant challenges in managing the impact of changes in living conditions for plants and animals. We can already see the responses of species through changes in phenology and spatial distribution, which may change ecosystem structure and function, with subsequent effect on ecosystem services and biological diversity. In Sweden, between 2005 and 2010, the red-listed species has increased by 13 % and similar trends can be seen across the world, making it difficult to attain national and international environmental objectives of preserving biodiversity. One way to reduce the loss of biodiversity is to protect nature from exploitation by allocating valuable areas as nature reserves, but climate change affects protected areas just as much as other landscapes and therefore requires elaborate systems of protection to facilitate species' survival. The paper has examined  how the decisions and management plans for nature reserves in Sweden have been followed-up and whether they are climate adapted or not by examining 30 nature reserves, classified as newly formed (2012), recently revised (2009-2011) and older (1977-2007) reserves, and assessed what is in the decisions and management plans for follow-up, revision, long-term goals and documentation.