Introduction: The health for individuals with intellectual disabilities is asubject that is prioritized by the Swedish Institute for Public Health. Socialsupport has been proven to be important for health and quality of life. Despitethis fact there is no research available regarding the influence social support hason health and quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities in Sweden.Aim: To describe social support and the consequence of social support forhealth and quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Method:A litterature review of research in a defined area with a descriptive design.Systematic searches for articles were done in several databases and ultimately16 articles were chosen. Themes and categories were created with respect to theaim of this study during the analysis of the articles.

Introduction: The health for individuals with intellectual disabilities is asubject that is prioritized by the Swedish Institute for Public Health. Socialsupport has been proven to be important for health and quality of life. Despitethis fact there is no research available regarding the influence social support hason health and quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities in Sweden.Aim: To describe social support and the consequence of social support forhealth and quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Method:A litterature review of research in a defined area with a descriptive design.Systematic searches for articles were done in several databases and ultimately16 articles were chosen. Themes and categories were created with respect to theaim of this study during the analysis of the articles.

Bakgrund: Alkoholberoende är en medicinsk diagnos som skiljer sig från risk- samt skadligt bruk. Beroende utvecklas i samspel med belöningssystemet och har en ärftlig komponent. Personer med alkoholberoende är en stigmatiserad grupp i samhället såväl som i sjukvården, och diagnosen innebär ett stort lidande för den enskilde personen. Därför är det viktigt att belysa personernas egna erfarenheter av vårdrelationer.Syfte: Att belysa erfarenheter av vårdrelationer hos personer med alkoholberoende.Metod: Litteraturstudie med sökorden Alcohol dependence, care, patient experiences. alcohol addiction, phenomenological, alcohol, treatment barriers, patient satisfaction, nursing, experiences och qualitative.

Introduction: The health for individuals with intellectual disabilities is asubject that is prioritized by the Swedish Institute for Public Health. Socialsupport has been proven to be important for health and quality of life. Despitethis fact there is no research available regarding the influence social support hason health and quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities in Sweden.Aim: To describe social support and the consequence of social support forhealth and quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Method:A litterature review of research in a defined area with a descriptive design.Systematic searches for articles were done in several databases and ultimately16 articles were chosen. Themes and categories were created with respect to theaim of this study during the analysis of the articles.

Att vänta och föda barn beskrivs som en av de viktiga övergångsperioderna i livet och innebär ofta en personlig utveckling för den födande kvinnan. Då graviditeten och förlossningen av någon anledning kompliceras, kan denna process störas, och kvinnan kan istället få både fysiska och psykiska men i efterförloppet. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av en komplicerad förlossning. Metoden var en granskning i form av en innehållsanalys av sju artiklar som utgjordes av fyra kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa studier. De kvantitativa studierna bearbetades som en kartläggning och utgjorde komplement till resultatet av den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen av de kvalitativa studierna.

Background: High demands are today placed upon Swedish elderly care nurses as more elderly live with multimorbidity while the hospital bed capacity is becoming lower. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore nurses? perception of decision-making in situations with acutely ill patients in nursing homes and which factors may influence the decision about transferring patients to the emergency department or not. Method: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenographic approach. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 11 nurses working in nursing homes. The data analysis was based on Dahlgren and Fallsberg (1991) data analysis. Result: Three different description categories were presented, which describes variations of the nurses? perceptions.Feeling comfortable in making the decision; which involved the nurses feeling confident in the decision-making about transferring patients to the emergency department or not.Hesitant in making the decision; which described how nurses perceived the decision-making as problematic, with regard to transferring patients to the emergency department.Many wishes to consider in taking the decision; which explained how nurses? decision-making was influenced by requests from the patients or from people close to them.Conclusion:  The study reflected how  supporting and aggravating factors could influence how nurses in nursing homes perceived the decision-making and how nurses have to take in consideration different opinions concerning the decision making process of transferring patients to the emergency department or not.

Bakgrund: Få ett prematurt barn kan vara en oförutsedd händelse. Den första kontakten mellan föräldrar och barn var ett viktigt moment för barnets utveckling. När prematura barn kommer till neonatalavdelningen och läggs i en kuvös kan kontakt och närhet mellan barn och föräldrar störas. Syfte: Belysa föräldrars upplevelser av närhet i relation till sitt prematura barn. Metod: En litteraturstudie på artiklarna som är genomförda med kvalitativ ansats.

Bakgrund: Åldrandet är en individuell process som upplevs olika av olika personer. Förändringar i åldrandet kan i stor utsträckning vara oplanerade och oönskade. Dessa förändringar beskrivs ofta i form av förluster så som nedsatt rörelse förmåga, syn eller hörsel som i sin tur kan resultera i smärta och trötthet. Syftet: Syftet med studien är att beskriva förekomst och betydelser av att ha smärta och trötthet hos äldre personer mellan 60-96 år samt att undersöka om personer med smärta upplever trötthet i större utsträckning än de personer som inte upplever smärta. Metod: Data från SNAC Blekinges befolkningsdel har använts (n=1372).

Vårdrelaterade infektioner är ett aktuellt problem som kan ge konsekvenser i form av lidande eller t.o.m. död för patienten. En tredjedel av de vårdrelaterade infektionerna skulle kunna förebyggas bl.a. genom bättre följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner. Studiens syfte var att se vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna påverka basala hygienrutiner och därigenom bidra till en god vårdmiljö.

This essay is a normative analysis concerning the question of whether the government should be allowed to use taxes to finance the state. What kind of ethical problems arise when the government use taxation? If it is possible to justify taxation, despite potential moral issues, then what should the government do with the funds they have collected? What kinds of government functions are morally justified? Is it merely the kinds of functions that are supposed to uphold negative human rights; or should the government provide health care, education and even culture for the citizens? This analysis aims to answer those questions and also formulate a principle about what the government should be occupied with, if anything at all. In order to achieve this I mainly use the terms freedom and justice to analyse ethical problems. The ideas of John Rawls and Robert Nozick are essential in this project.My answer is that taxation is justified as long as the purpose is to maintain the most fundamental human rights and also under other special circumstances such as if an individual cannot find a way to finance basic education or necessary health care.

Introduction: Domestic violence is a big public health problem and the hiddennumbers over victims are big. There is a lack of scientific research in the Nordiccountries when it comes to how the health- and medical care identify and care for thevictims of domestic violence. Aim: This literature review has two aims: To investigatewhat kind of methods maternal health services, child health services and gynecologyclinics in the Nordic countries use to discover women and children exposed to domesticviolence and to investigate if there are any guidelines to go by when a victim ofdomestic violence is identified. Method: A literature review. 12 articles were found inPubMed, Scopus and Cinahl and three more were included after a manual search.

Kroppsberöring är ett viktigt redskap i sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Genom kroppsberöring kan trygghet, omtanke, uppmuntran mm åstadkommas. Undersökningens syfte var att utifrån sjuksköterskans perspektiv beskriva kroppsberöringens betydelse i omvårdnadsarbetet, samt att se kroppsberöringen ur ett transkulturellt perspektiv. Författaren valde att göra en kvalitativ ansats där respondenterna utgjordes av sjuksköterskestuderande och verksamma sjuksköterskor. I undersökningen framkom att kroppsberöringen användes som en handling för att skapa kontakt och för att få en helhets bild om hur patienten känner sig.

Bakgrund: Den första levertransplantationen och hjärttransplantationen i Sverige utfördes 1984. Organtransplantation är en komplicerad process. Ett antal såväl medicinska som juridiska frågor måste vara klarlagda innan en organtransplantation kan genomföras. Att vänta på ett organ är en tid att förberedda sig på liv eller död. Den långa väntetiden för att få ett nytt organ skapar depression, oro och rädsla.

Background: Ill-health related to unhealthy lifestyle is increasing and despite existing knowledge about healthy lifestyle it is difficult to change behaviour. Counselling in the primary health care is often superficial and without critical elements for behaviour change. Aim: The aim of this paper to elucidate interventions for change of lifestyle with respect diet and physical activity. Method: A literature review was carried out and ten scientific articles were analyzed and compiled in two main categories: design of these interventions and participation in them. Results: Education, decision making, goal setting, feedback, social support and follow-up were identified as critical elements for behaviour change.

The following essay aims to determine what textbooks and teaching media educators in the county of Västerbotten use when teaching the relation between religion and science. Based on educational science theory and through analyzes of factual texts, the teaching materials was examined to determine how much focus they put on the thematic of religion and science. The result shows how the different teaching materials affect this thematic differently. The main conclusion is therefore that students in Sweden could, depending on the teaching materials used in their education, be taught by different standards to reach the same requirements..