The market risk premium is one of the most important parameters in finance. Its value and the ways to calculate a risk premium for the market is a widely debated subject. This thesis examines numerous ways of calculating a risk premium for the Swedish market with regard to how good an estimation they make of a real risk premium. Estimations based on historical periods ranging from 20 to 85 years is calculated as well as a premium based on forward-looking estimates. The real risk premium is solved out for a selection of companies and an index with the help of CAPM.

Psykosocial motståndskraft (?resilience?) innebär att klara sig bra i samband med motgång. Det är viktigt att främja detta i unga år då utvecklingskaskader (kedjereaktioner) som följd av olika upplevelser kan påverka resten av livet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur motståndskraft uppfattas och hur det främjas i det dagliga arbetet i förskolan. Sju intervjuer med förskolepersonal genomfördes och analyserades och resultatet tyder på att begreppet i sig inte är känt men att många delar av det appliceras.

As the past century?s technological development has progressed the Swedish boreal forests have transformed into dense, highly productive, homogenous and coniferous forests. The area around Saxdalen in Ludvika municipality has long been dominated forests which have been heavily worked since the 18th century. There are in Ludvika 119 000 hectares of productive forest land. Around 70 percent are owned by forest companies and 20 by private forest owners.

The aim with this thesis is to investigate the risk management at the department Road construction, The National Road Administration Region Mälardalen. The aim is also to study how the risk management could be improved to better support the project leaders. Included in theses aims is to examine potential problems with the current risk management and to suggest changes. It is of utter importance to define the concept of risk, to study how risk can be measured and in which ways risk can be analyzed. In doing so, a literary study has be done and fourteen respondents has been interviewed.Risk is to be seen more as a concept than a quantity.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka uppfattningar om risk inom mödrahälsovården. Den behandlar hur barnmorskor och deras patienter uppfattar risk i samband med och runt en graviditet och hur de hanterar denna. En av metoderna för att hantera risk är fosterdiagnostik, vilket syftar till att finna riskgraviditeter. Fokus har främst varit på barnmorskor med frågeställningar kring hur de informerar om risk och fosterdiagnostik, hur de ger råd och hur de uppfattar den inverkan detta har på deras patienter och hur dessa reagerar..

In this essay, Risk and crisis management Conservation policy and normalization production, I discuss how societies, communities and individuals are responsible for the handling of catastrophes and crises. Risk and vulnerability analyzes are parts of modern risk and crisis management. The purpose of these analyzes is to prepare people and organizations for any crises. For managing this it is necessary to comprehend, be able to change mindset in creating concrete tasks and inform others.The purpose of this essay is to analyze modern risk and crisis management by studying empirical material, such as interviews, observations and literature. My aim is to combine these materials and study how they cooperate.One of the findings in this essay is that risk and vulnerability analyzes are of great complexity. These analyzes require a discussion in order to identify the development of the society's crisis management system, as well as the continued support of the individuals that have a responsibility for preventing and preparing their organizations..

Information about the risks involved shall be distributed to the people living in the area nearby to potentially dangerous installation. Swedish law stipulates strict requirements on what information should be supplied, but the law itself does not give any guidance on presentation. The main purpose of the study is to give recommendations on how to improve the information brochures. Within the study, eight people working with risk information have been interviewed and seven different risk information brochures have been studied. Also, a theoretical analysis and a practical experiment were performed using brochures from two municipalities.

Trafikledare arbetar dygnet runt, året runt för att planera tågtrafiken i Sverige.  De ser till att tågen förs fram säkert på ett riskfritt sätt men även att det är säkert för de som arbetar längs spåren (Roth m.fl., 1999; Trafikledare, 2012). Det är ett komplext arbete med höga krav på trafikledarna. Denna studie undersöker vilka yttre intressenter och faktorer som påverkar trafikledarna, på driftledningscentralen i Hallsberg, främst i störda lägen. Studien har sin grund i teoriramverket resilience, där man undersöker hur operatörer arbetar under normala förhållanden i säkerhetskritiska system.

All companies face risk in their daily business. Internationalised companies tend to experience higher risk due to for example unfamiliar business environment than companies that act only on the national market. Estonia became independent as late as in 1991 and is therefore a new interesting market for many companies in neighbouring countries like Sweden. Risks that are most apparent for an internationalised company are political risk, currency risk, capital and interest rate risk, business risk and credit risk. Our intention of this study was to find out how Swedish companies acting on the Estonian market faced the different risks when entering the Estonian market and how they value the risks today.

An increasing global population and a worldwide growing urbanization has raised the questionabout the future food security in cities all over the world. Peak-oil limits the access to cheap fossilfuels which threatens the global food-supply chain. This has resulted in a larger awareness anddiscussion related to urban agriculture. Growing crops and keeping animals within the city-borderscould be one way of creating a more robust and sustainable food supply for city dwellers. However,to enable an expansion of the urban agriculture many theorists argue that policies and institutionalstructures that supports and promotes city farming have to be developed.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate which components previous scientific studies suggest that an efficient treatment for adolescents with behavioural problems should contain. For this purpose, an extensive review of scientific research conducted in Scandinavia has been read and will be presented in this essay. This essay also present an introduction to residential care in Sweden as well as to an alternative form of treatment for adolescents with behavioural problems called Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC). The result of this essay suggest that treatment of adolescents with behavioural problems should be based on the emphasis of risk/resilience factors of the youth and that the treatment should be adapted to the youth?s individual personality and way of learning.

When constructing a road the risk of emission of substances from the used materials to the surrounding environment has to be evaluated. The aim of this study is to present a proposal for how to evaluate the risk of contamination as a result of emission from the materials in a road construction. The study is based on literature studies, an inventory and a questionnaire that examines how experts in governmental agencies, industries and universities evaluate the risk of contamination. The inventory indicates that guidelines for evaluating the risk of emission from secondary materials in a road construction do not exist. The conclusions from the questionnaire are: that there is no common way to evaluate the risk of contamination as a result of emission from materials in the road construction, there is no uniform interpretation of the terms "minor" and "significant" risk of contamination and that the evaluation is subjective.

The purpose of this Bachelor Thesis is to investigate whether the introduction of IFRS, and in particular IAS 40 regarding fair value accounting of investment property, has lead to increased financial risk for Swedish real estate companies. Financial risk is measured using several financial risk ratios during the period 2000-2009, effectively covering the period before and after the introduction in 2005. The financial risk is found to actually have decreased significantly in comparison with the control group. The relative decrease supports the notion of a factor unique to the real estate companies at least partially driving the change, possibly IAS 40. However, this change is, due to the statistic method employed, only an indication of the direction of change, and consequently interpretations of the magnitude of change cannot be made.

This paper is a study how students at a high school in Falun, Sweden, estimates theirperformance in an upcoming math test which is then compared with the actual grade thestudent performed. The students who participated also answered questions related to ?risksituations? to examine whether there is a correlation between how students estimate theirperformance in the context and their risk behavior, and if the students act like economicmodels assume. In agreement with previous studies, the boys in the survey tended to beoverconfident in their performance. The girls in the study were neither over- norunderconfident in her performance and no significant difference in the estimation of one'sperformance between the sexes could be proven.

The purpose of this risk analysis is to investigate if the transport of dangerous gods through Halmstad is a threat to the surrounding area. The report shall serve as a component in the making of pre-plans and the planning of exercises..