The governance and control of healthcare organizations has traditionally been run byprofessions inside the organization (Fölster et al., 2003). During the last decades Swedishhealthcare has undergone an institutional transformation where the governance has changedfrom professional governance to a more market like one (Sahlin-Andersson, 2006). Governingof healthcare can however be problematic as professional work is characterized by a highlevel of autonomy and tacit knowledge (cf. Tsoukas, 1997, Freidson, 2001). An expression ofthe new kind of governance is the annually published report ?Öppna jämförelser av hälso- ochsjukvårdens kvalitet och effektivitet?.

There has been an increasing interest for Ranking of Swedish health care and a lot of emphasis has been placed on the creation of indicators in order to Rank hospital units. However, essays on to what extent the choice of statistical method affects the final result of the Ranking of health care units have not been given the same attention. For this particular reason, the main objective of this essay has been to investigate whether the choice of statistical model has a significant impact or not on the final result, by using five different, more or less common, statistical approaches: bar charts (with and without confidence intervals), control charts, logistic regression, multi-level analysis using shrunken residuals. The analyzed material in the essay comprises 24119 patients that all have been prescribed some form of the lipid-reducing medicine statin. According to directives given by Region Skåne, doctors are encouraged to prescribe a particular type of statin medicine, namely Simvastatin, which has been proved to be equally effective, but significantly cheaper than other statin medicines.

Det är idag vanligt inom verksamheter som skola och omsorg att använda Rankningar för att utvärdera kvalitet och skapa beslutsunderlag, något som är behäftat med stor osäkerhet. Trots det redovisas ofta dessa utan speciellt tagen hänsyn till den närvarande slumpvariationen. Mot bakgrund av det har vi varit speciellt intresserade av sådana data och har för uppsatsen haft tillgång till skoldata samt tre olika sjukvårdsdata. För att identifiera om och när en Rankning kan vara meningsfull har vi för samtliga data jämfört länsnivå med lägre nivåer.Uppsatsen behandlar den slumpmässiga variation som framträder i samband med upprättandet av Rankningslistor. Då små enheter är mer mottagliga för naturlig variation, förväntas denna har särskild betydelse för placeringen och inte sällan återfinns dessa i toppen eller botten av tabellen.

This study focuses on small scale hydropower in Sweden. This means plants with a capacity of up to 10 MW. The study has a special focus on plants with a capacity up to 2 MW. The study has three aims. It strives to describe the small-scale hydroelectric industry in Sweden.

During the past twenty years, the Swedish school systems have slowly changed to becomemore and more performance-driven. Private schools have been growing in general and, likeindependent schools and schools managed by municipalities, they profile themselves. Schoolsare becoming more performance and result-oriented, which has changed the roles of teachersin a dramatic way and is in general, still changing.By profiling students based on theirindividual performance, schools are able to help students identify themselves and their owngoals. The process of profiling is a slow one in which some teachers adapt more quickly thanothers, and one that is critical for other teachers to learn in order to keep up with the demandsof society.Schools, like ordinary businesses, are in constant competition with each other to keep up withthe newest and greatest models of teaching and to Rank among the best in high achievements.Perhaps the downside of this modern school structure is that it is often difficult to have aschool where both school management and teachers see eye to eye. School management must heavily focus on the school?s results as a whole.

This study investigates certified and non-certified teachers in Sweden and how they themselves view the status of their profession. Teacher certifications were introduced to Sweden in 2011, under the assumption that it would raise the status of qualified teachers. Recent results from international studies showed that Swedish students have fallen in Rank compared to other countries around the world, and one of the proposed solutions proposed to this was to raise the status of teachers, as well as their pay. A higher status would then solve other issues, such as the low number of applications to university courses related to teaching. This study asked high school teachers, through an online questionnaire, what their views were on the status change the reform was supposed to create.

Outsourcing av IT-tjänster har ökat storartat de senaste tio åren. Det var efter att Rank Xerox år 1994 outsourcade hela sin IT-avdelning som outsourcingen fick sitt stora genombrott (Augustson och Bergstedt Sten, 1999). The Outsourcing Institute (2001) och Augustson och Bergstedt Sten (1999) menar vidare att outsourcingen har förändrats sedan genombrottet. Motiven till varför företag väljer att outsourca sina IT-tjänster är också något som har förändrats sedan genombrottet år 1994. Dock är det troligt att den största förändringen skett de senaste fem åren.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the arrival of class society is expressed in the social dance of high society during the second half of the eighteenth century. The study is based on the idea that culture and society develope in interaction; that changes in the economic, political and social life determine the cultural expressions as well. What I wish to examine is whether cultural themes from the developing bourgeois culture ? individualism, to be precise ? is expressed in the social dance during the second half of the eigthteenth century. // The study shows that public balls definitely gave people a chance to show off on the dance floor in spite of social Rank.

China is considered as one of the world?s fastest growing economies and the future of China looks promising. Even though the Chinese market attracts many new foreign companies to enter the market there are entry barriers which companies may encounter as obstacles, which will aggravate the market entry in China. As a result companies loose business opportunities and therefore it is of great importance for Swedish companies, which are planning a Chinese market entry, to identify which entry barriers that are considered to be the most difficult obstacles to overcome.The purpose of the thesis is to examine which entry barriers that are generally considered to be the most difficult obstacles for Swedish companies to overcome when entering Chinese markets and to Rank the five most difficult entry barriers to overcome.Information about these entry barriers have been gathered from Swedish companies, which have carried out successful market entries in the Chinese markets, through an e-mail questionnaire.The result generally shows that the most difficult entry barriers to overcome in China were: bureaucracy, property laws, language, cultural differences and difficulties finding local partners. The Ranking of the entry barriers? result shows that bureaucracy is the most difficult obstacle to overcome, followed by cultural differences, language, relations and access to distribution channels.We conclude that companies experience different difficulties overcoming these entry barriers, which depends on the companies? size, years in China, markets and if the entry barriers were considered controllable or uncontrollable.

Documentation in electronic journals is perceived as time consuming and sometimes technically difficult to handle, but also leads to an improved quality of care. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' perceptions of documentation with a focus on timing, technique and quality of care and whether any differences in these perceptions were dependent on age. Method: Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study in the survey form, 28 nurses at a university hospital in central Sweden participated in the study. Regression analysis was performed with Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient. Results: Electronic documentation takes 30 to 60 minutes for most nurses and half of them considered it a reasonable time.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida ett företags ålder, storlek, framgång och bransch påverkar omfattningen av investeringar i Forskning & Utveckling (FoU). Enligt teorin är investeringarna beroende av tillgången på kapital. Dessutom påverkar ett företags position på marknaden och företagets mognad deras villighet att ta de risker som FoU innefattar. Urvalet av företag hänförs till Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap- och Mid Cap-listor. Datainsamlingen har genomförts utifrån företagens årsredovisningar och informationen har analyserats med Spearmans Rank korrelationsanalys.

In the debate on laying hen welfare, and specifically housing conditions, the main focushas been on physiological and behavioural measures. What is lacking is knowledge of howthe hen experiences the situation ? her state of mind.This study is an attempt to gain insight into the private mental states of former batteryhens. It uses a cognitive bias method based on spatial judgement, i.e. judgement of aambiguous stimulus placed spatially in between a reinforced and an unreinforced stimulus.This method has previously shown differences in judgement by animals in enriched versuspoor housing.

In total 249 horses surgically treated for colic in Sweden during 2002 until 2005 were studied. The horses was identified by the animal insurance company Agria. Survival was studied with respect to age, gender, breed, diagnosis (small intestinal problems, caecal problems, large intestinal problems, incarceration in nephrosplenic ligament, unspecific colic and other colic problems) and treating hospital. Different survivals were calculated. For short-term survival proportions was used and for long-term it was done using Kaplan-Meier technique and log-Rank testing.

Uppsatsen är en statistisk bearbetning av material från studien Health Hunters som genomfördes i Göteborg på unga kvinnor som befann sig i en högriskgrupp för att utveckla övervikt eller fetma. Barn till överviktiga har en ökad risk för att utveckla övervikt därför är det viktigt att arbeta preventivt då behandlingsresultaten vid fetma ofta är otillräckliga. Det är viktigt att förebygga övervikt och fetma då detta kan resultera i bland annat typ II-diabetes och hjärtkärlsjukdomar samt så ger behandling av fetma och dess följdsjukdomar höga sjukvård- och samhällskostnader. Health Hunters har visat att preventivt arbete mot viktuppgång kan ge resultat. Information kring deltagarna har vi fått via Health Hunters där de fick ge information om sina vanor och genomgå mätningar.

Introduktion: Barn utvecklar redan i tidigt stadie ett smärtminne. Minnen från smärtsammaingrepp kan bidra till rädsla och undvikande av medicinsk behandling upp i vuxen ålder.Spädbarn genomgår under första levnadsåret ett flertal vaccinationer, där 2 sprutor ges vidsamma tillfälle. Det finns två olika sätt att genomföra dessa vaccinationer. Antingen ges barneten spruta i taget eller så är det två personer som vaccinerar och då ger båda sprutorna samtidigt(dubbelvaccination).Syfte: Att jämföra spädbarns smärtreaktion vid användning av olika vaccinationstekniker närtvå sprutor ges vid samma besökstillfälle; en spruta i taget eller dubbelvaccinering.Metod: En pilotstudie med kvantitativ metod har genomförts. Datainsamling skedde med hjälpav smärtskattningsinstrument.