ABSTRACTMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading cause of adult disability inSweden. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be used as a treatment option for patients with MS where the disease has an aggressive course. The treatment is preceded by high-dose chemotherapy which lowers the patient's immune system. It is therefore of interest to study infectious complications associated with HSCT in this patient.Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify infection problems in this population associated with HSCT, and to study differences in infectious complications between this group and patients diagnosed with lymphoma who have undergone the same treatment.Method: The study was a retrospective descriptive study with quantitative data. A medical record review was conducted.

Emerging infectious diseases are a recurring threat to both human and animal health. Understanding the multiple causes behind the emergence of new diseases is key to the prevention of new and potentially devastating outbreaks. The list of underlying causes is long, including a variety of anthropogenic, environmental, molecular and climatic changes that promote the emergence and spread of disease. Two of these factors are central to the emergence of new diseases and receive special attention in this study. The spread of disease from wildlife to livestock and diseases that spread from animals to humans (zoonoses) are of importance as they implicated in the majority of EID events.

Animal welfare is of increasing concern in present society. In commercial pig farming, animal welfare problems are common. One of the causes for these problems is the barren environment in which pigs are housed, which can cause oral manipulation of pen mates. Providing straw might be one solution to this problem. Another solution could be reached through genetic selection.

Bakground: Puerperal fever caused by group A Streptococcus is in a global context seen as a common cause of death in childbirth.Aim: To examine the consequences of group A streptococcus infections in women postpartum and to see what a nurse can do to stop the infection with adequate nursing interventions.Method: This is a review built on 15 articles. These articles were read in full and audited with a suitable template.Result: Women postpartum has 20 times higher risk to get group A stretococcus infection as compared to non pregnant. The consequences of Group A Streptococcus infection can lead to high fever, abscesses around the uterus, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hysterectomy and death. Patients who share room with infected patients carries an increased risk to be infected. Curtains between patient beds can be colonized by Group A Streptococcus.

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularaemia, is highly contagious and potentially fatal for a wide range of wildlife species of the northern hemisphere, also humans. Although recognized as a pathogen for over 100 years, much still remains to be elucidated concerning the ecology and transmission of the bacterium, hence this literature overview aims at compiling data regarding the aquatic association and the role of mosquitoes in transmission of Francisella tularensis subspecies holartica, the sole subspecies in Sweden. While a linkage between the bacterium and natural waters stands beyond dispute, there is no consensus in the literature concerning its potential as a reservoir. However, two prevailing theories can be distinguished; one proposes the water association being mammaldependent and thus merely the result of contamination from semi-aquatic mammals living in close vicinity to the water source. The other, quite contrary, suggests mammal-independence and hence that water, possibly in association with protozoa, serves as an environmental reservoir for the bacterium.

The virus-mediated disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) was discovered during an outbreak in Kenya in the 1930s. Since then it has spread to most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and in the last decades several outbreaks have caused economic and health issues in Africa, Yemen and Saudi-Arabia. The disease mainly affects domestic livestock, causing abortions, but is also a zoonosis. To be able to control the spread of the disease it is important with surveillance for better knowledge about the distribution and virus circulation even in inter-epidemic/epizootic periods. The human population is growing, and people and their livestock constantly move closer to areas with wild animals which act as reservoirs for different viruses. Also, humans and their animals often get within reach for arthropod vectors, hosting or carrying viruses.

Milk fever, or parturient paresis, is the second most common disease in Swedish dairy cows. The disorder is associated with the onset of lactation when some cows are unable to meet the metabolic demands of calcium to support milk production and therefore develop a state of hypocalcaemia. Clinical hypocalcaemia (milk fever) may lead to coma and death in severe cases but subclinical hypocalcaemia has also been shown to have negative effects on e.g. feed intake and production and to increase the susceptibility of the cow to develop secondary diseases. The nutritional strategy applied precalving is of great importance in preventing milk fever and e.g.

Bakgrund: Feber drabbar barn någon eller några gånger om året, framförallt under småbarnstiden. En vanlig missuppfattning är att feber är ett potentiellt farligt tillstånd som kräver behandling. I motsats till detta har feber gynnsamma effekter när det kommer till kroppens bekämpande av infektioner. Kunskapsläget bland distriktssköterskor som ska tillhandahålla föräldrar rådgivning kring feber och febernedsättande läkemedel varierar, varför föräldrar riskerar att erhålla motstridiga och direkt felaktiga råd. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva föräldrars kunskap rörande feber hos barn samt att belysa vårdpersonals attityder kring feberhantering.

This study is an examination of the stadium fever prevailing in Sweden. It is built stadiums in Sweden as never before. The high cost of these constructions end up in the end at the Swedish taxpayers. The study examines through the hedonic pricing of real estate how local residents value the new stadiums. The result indicates that local residents put a positive value in the costly and sumptuous buildings.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) är en zoonotisk, vektorburen sjukdom som orsakas av ett Phlebovirus och sprids med hjälp av myggor. RVF är epizootiklassad och drabbar framförallt får, getter och nötkreatur varav unga individer är känsligast för infektionen. Symptomen utgörs av massiva aborter, hepatit, encefalit, hemorrhagisk feber och ökad dödlighet, särskild bland nyfödda djur. Den zoonotiska aspekten är framförallt av betydelse för djurhållare samt yrkesgrupper såsom veterinärer och slakteriarbetare. Denna litteraturöversikt syftar till att ge en överblick över utbredning, etiologi, patologi och epidemiologi samt besvara frågeställningen om en spridning till Europa utgör en risk. Sedan upptäckten i Kenya 1930 har flera ödesdigra utbrott skett i södra och östra Afrika.

Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas vuxna av i genomsnitt en till två förkylningar per år och barnminst dubbelt så ofta. Totalt betalade Försäkringskassan ut 4 656 667 vab-dagar (vård avbarn) under år 2010. Probiotiska bakterier i tarmen konkurrerar med sjukdomsframkallandeorganismer och reducerar dess förekomst i tarmfloran. Om probiotika kan användas för attminska eller åtminstone förkorta sjukdomstiden skulle det vara en enkel metod till en relativtlåg kostnad vilket sparar tid, pengar och lidande för alla parter.Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska översiktsartikel var att undersöka huruvida ett dagligtintag av probiotika skulle kunna skydda mot eller lindra förkylning, feber ochinfluensasymtom.Sökväg: Litteratursökning i databaserna PubMed och Scopus har genomförts. Sökord somanvändes i olika kombinationer var: probiotics, effect, common cold, fever, flu, influenza,respiratory diseases, lactobacillus och bifidus.Urvalskriterier: Inklusionskriterier vid litteratursökningen var humanstudier i RCT-form därinterventionen varit dagligt bruk av probiotika.

Diseases associated with monocytosis in Swedish dogs - a retrospective study. The purpuse of this retrospective study is to determine which diseases are associated with pronounced monocytosis in Swedish dogs. Records of 153 dogs with monocytosis were evaluated. The most common cause was infectious diseases (49%) of which pyometra was seen in 23% of the cases, cystitis and fever of unknown origin each in 13% and gastroenteritis in 12%. Cortison treatment was the second most common cause with 29%. A sixth of the dogs had non inflammatory diseases such as neoplasia, renal- and heartfailure.

American bison (Bison bison bison) is a new species in Sweden and was introduced in the year 2000. In this study the result of an interview and a field investigation is presented. The aim was to investigate the health and parasite status in Swedish bison herds. The most common reason to begin with bison breeding was meat production and/or sale of breeding animals and tourism. The Swedish breeder?s experience of bison is that they in general are healthy.

Many farms in the counties in the south of Sweden have difficulties with diseases spread by ticks; mainly babesiosis and tick-borne fever (TBF) but there are indications that borreliosis ought to be included. All of the tick-borne diseases radically decrease farm profit if the herd is affected. The production of the vaccine used against babesiosis since the 1920´s, will be discontinued in the near future and in addition to economical reasons it is therefore important to learn more about the diseases above. During the summer and fall of 2002 and 2003, a farm in the island of Gotland was burdened with unusually many cases of bovine babesiosis. In total 43 animals fell ill and one died.

Elakartad katarralfeber är en dödlig sjukdom hos nötkreatur som orsakas av herpesvirus från får eller gnuer. I områden där båda virusvarianterna finns kan man skilja dem åt genom PCR-metoder. Sjukdomen verkar bero på en virusorsakad obalans i immunförsvaret och karaktäriseras av infiltration och ansamling av CD8+ T-lymfocyter. Infekterade celler kan omvandlas till ?large granular lymphocytes? som orsakar celldöd i flera olika vävnader.