Approximately 20% of the milk within the udder of a cow is stored in the cistern and immediately available for milk removal, while activation of the milk ejection reflex is required for removing the remaining milk stored in the alveolar compartment. The aim of this literature review is to describe, evaluate and consider implications of the three different suckling activities that the calf displays during a suckling bout. In terms of milking, these phases are represented by pre-stimulation, stimulation during milking and post-stimulation. Pre-stimulation is commonly performed in order to induce the milk ejection reflex, whereby the hormone oxytocin is released and the alveoli in the secretory tissue are contracted. Time requirements regarding pre-stimulation must be considered in relation to lactation stage and milking interval.

Nursing care of persons having dementia diseases affecting the frontal lobes, sets special demands on the staff, but the knowledge about how to best tailor nursing care is sparse. The aim of the study was to illuminate possibilities and difficulties in nursing care of persons having dementia diseases with frontal lobe dysfunction and was carried out as a descriptive, qualitative study, based on a review of medical records and interviews with nursing staff (n=10) that was analysed with qualitative content analysis. The difficulties were related to the patients lack of inhibition and judgement, anxiety, agitation, reduced ability to care for physical needs, egocentrism, imbalance between rest and activity, and depressed mood. The possibilities were seen in relation to the nursing staffs professional encounter, characterised by being distinct and consequent, being a step ahead, being flexible and catch the moment, being calm and create a positive atmosphere, being close and trusting and being and doing together. To receive continuous feedback and support was a prerequisite for the staffs? engagement.

Nursing care of persons having dementia diseases affecting the frontal lobes, sets special demands on the staff, but the knowledge about how to best tailor nursing care is sparse. The aim of the study was to illuminate possibilities and difficulties in nursing care of persons having dementia diseases with frontal lobe dysfunction and was carried out as a descriptive, qualitative study, based on a review of medical records and interviews with nursing staff (n=10) that was analysed with qualitative content analysis. The difficulties were related to the patients lack of inhibition and judgement, anxiety, agitation, reduced ability to care for physical needs, egocentrism, imbalance between rest and activity, and depressed mood. The possibilities were seen in relation to the nursing staffs professional encounter, characterised by being distinct and consequent, being a step ahead, being flexible and catch the moment, being calm and create a positive atmosphere, being close and trusting and being and doing together. To receive continuous feedback and support was a prerequisite for the staffs? engagement.

Bakgrund: Det är viktigt att främja barns fysiska aktivitet, eftersom det leder till många positiva hälsoeffekter. Tyvärr är många små barn idag inaktiva och når aldrig den rekommenderade gränsen på 60 minuters fysisk aktivitet per dag.  Syfte: Att beskriva hur fysisk aktivitet kan främjas bland barn, i åldrarna 2-8 år. Metod: Studien som utfördes var en litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultaten sammanfattades genom att söka meningsbärande enheter och därefter skapades teman av dessa.

Picropodophyllin (PPP) is an analogue of the anti tumour lignan podophyllotoxin with the unique ability to selectively inhibit the receptor of Insulin like growth factor 1(IGF-1). IGF-1 is believed to play an important part in development of the endometrium facing implantation. With PPP treated mice, studies can be made to measure gene expression from tissue of both treated and untreated mice to compare the role of IGF-1 regarding ovulation, implantation and receptivity. The aim of this study was to analyze gene expression of some steroid hormone receptors and cytokines in ovaries from mice treated with PPP. In this study, seven mice were treated with PPP at different times and tissue was collected.

The cell cycle is the time a cell spends between two cell divisions. The cell cycle includes several parallel processes, all of which must be completed before a cell is mature for dividing. In the first place, all subcomponents (RNA, protein and membrane lipids) need to double in quantity and this occurs continuously through the cell cycle. Furthermore, the genome and some chromosomal proteins must double and this take place during a limited interval in the middle of the cell cycle (S-phase). On either side of the S-phase are two "gaps" which is called G1 and G2. When the cell has passed a point in the G-phase they are irreversibly programmed to progress through the remaining of the cell cycle and will undergo the next cell division. When a cell have passed a point in the G1 phase, approximately four hours after mitosis, a normal cell is in a state of indecision.

Antihistaminer utgör ibland en del av behandlingen av hundar som lider av atopisk dermatit (AD), en allergisjukdom som ger hudinflammation. Den mest effektiva farmakologiska behandlingen av AD är glukokortikoider. Denna är dock förknippad med många biverkningar varav flera kan vara allvarliga. För att kunna minska glukokortikoiddosen hos de behandlade hundarna behövs kompletterande läkemedel. Läkemedel ur gruppen antihistaminer används i stor utsträckning vid allergiska tillstånd hos människa och även försöksvis till hund men det finns ett behov av studier för dessa preparat givna till hund.

Hur vi människor förhåller oss till dåtid, framtid och nutid avspeglar vår personlighet och kan länkas samman till vårt psykiska mående. Denna studie syftade till att studera sambanden mellan tidsperspektiv, depression och ångest samt oro och ältande. Vidare ämnade studien att undersöka om en bristande inhiberingsförmåga kan förklara oro och ältande. I studien deltog 65 personer från en icke-klinisk grupp; 44 kvinnor och 21 män i åldrarna 19 till 40 år. De instrument som användes var självskattningsformulären Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Response Style Questionnaire, Pennstate Worry Questionnaire samt Strooptestet Serialt färgordtest.

The genus Campylobacter is globally recognised as the leading bacterial cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis. Every year around 8000 Swedes are infected by Campylobacter. Most people are infected by thermotolerant Campylobacter species, commonly C. jejuni and C. coli.

Syfte: Syftet med denna in vitro studie var att testa 8 olika växtextrakt (kanel, nejlika, tranbär, aronia, humle, lime, grönt te, timjan) på två av Streptococcus mutans egenskaper, biofilmbildning och syraproduktion, samt mäta totala fenolmängden i varje växtextrakt. Material och metod: Vattenbaserat (humle, aronia, tranbär, grönt te) och etanolbaserat (nejlika, kanel, timjan, lime) växtextrakt testades på S. mutans biofilmbildning och syraproduktion. Biofilmen framställdes i mikrotiterplattor. Bacto? Todd Hewitt Broth näringslösning och en nyligen isolerad stam av S.

Lymphoma is a group of malignant tumour diseases developing in the secondary lymphatic system. These diseases can develop in all organs as lymphocytes are ubiquitously in the body. In connection to mucus membranes we find mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT, in which lymphoma can spontaneously but slowly develop, mostly at chronic inflammation or at autoimmune diseases. Today these diseases are incureable with the exception of some cases caused by Helicobacter pylori-infection. Antibiotic treatment of these cases can induce remissions.MALT-lymphomas have characteristic histological and molecular properties.

Traditionellt utvärderas effekter av kognitiv träning med objektiva prestationsmått. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka självskattad exekutiv funktion som ett alternativt mått för att utvärdera effekter av kognitiv träning. Som utfallsmått valdes The behavior rating inventory of executive functioning - self report (BRIEF-SR). Vidare användes blandad design med för- och eftermätning samt tre oberoende grupper. Gymnasieelever (n = 63) delades in i; aktiv träningsgrupp, aktiv placebogrupp och passiv kontrollgrupp.

Stamning är en komplex motorisk talstörning, vars neurologisk bakgrund fortfarande inte är klarlagd. En växande mängd studier ger dock stöd för att stamning kan vara orsakat av strukturella avvikelser i den vänstra hemisfären. En studie (Sommer et al., 2003) som använde transkraniell magnetstimulering (TMS) för att undersöka kortikal inhibition hos personer som stammar (PsS) fann som ett bi-fynd att den stammande gruppen hade signifikant högre motortrösklar (MT) för vänster hemisfärs handmotorarea, det vill säga att det krävdes starkare stimulering för att väcka en muskelrespons i den kontralaterala handen. Resultat har dock inte uppmärksammats av senare forskning, och behöver verifieras. Den aktuella studien syftade till att undersöka om PsS tenderar att ha förhöjda MT, samt om det finns avvikande hemisfärsskilnader i MT hos PsS.

The aim of this essay was to study the nitrogen flow in two willowplantations, at different locations in the south of Sweden, that wereirrigated with sewage. The study was also performed to compare thedifferences in nitrogen flows between two years, 1998 and 1999. The studywas made in three parts. First, the denitrification activity was measuredusing the acetylen inhibition method. Second the nitrogen flow, as well asthe water- and heat flows, were modeled through the SOIL-SOILN-modelThird; the nitrogen flow was calculated to compare with the results fromthe model.The results from the measurements were then compared with the resultsfrom the SOILN-simulations to detect differences in the denitrificationrate.

Social a?ngeststo?rning (SAD) a?r ett a?ngestsyndrom som orsakar stor funktionsnedsa?ttning och fo?rsa?mrad livskvalitet. I fo?religgande studie presenteras fo?rklaringsmodeller till SAD med fokus pa? temperamentsforskning och reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST). Syftet var att genom explorativ faktoranalys identifiera latenta variabler i fra?geformula?ret ?Hur man var som barn? (HMVSB), som administrerats i en klinisk population (n= 100) och i en kontrollgrupp (n= 246).