Claw diseases are common diseases in modern dairy production. They are painful for the cow and costly for the producer. Differences in the prevalence of claw disease depending on housing system have previously been observed. This raises the question if there are genotype by environment (GxE) interactions for claw diseases in different housing systems. To investigate this claw trimming records for Swedish Red dairy cattle (SR) and Swedish Holstein cows (SH) were retrieved from the Swedish Dairy Association.

The aim of this essay is to analyse certain succinct statements of Russian leader Vladimir Putin. His rhetorical style in general, and these statements in particular, are distinguishing Putin from other Russian political figures. The statements have survived the test of time and lived on in the media, on the internet and in the vernacular. They have come to be called Putinisms.The essay is descriptive and treats these special statements, describes where and how they came into being and analyses them on a micro level, word by word. The analysis is also qualitative as it covers selected statements, which represent only a small portion of all the statements made by Putin within the time frame chosen for this study.

The demands for higher production yields and better quality materials from the forests are increasing globally. Tree breeding programs are directed to meet the future demands on forests. In order to capture the full benefits from the breeding programs, clonal propagation is necessary. For most conifer species, somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the only available option for large scale clonal propagation of Elite clonal material. For Norway spruce (Picea abies L.

Spitz nevus was first described by Sophie Spitz in 1948 as juvenile melanoma. The lesion is a benign melanocytic tumor, which consists of epiteloid- and spindelshaped cells. Histological is spitz nevus difficult to distinguish from malign melanomas and spitzoid melanomas. Loss of symmetry, loss of maturation in the deep component, nuclear polymorphism and hyper chromatic nucleus are features which can be found in melanomas. Some of these features are often seen in spitz nevus.

Under puberteten börjar hundens juver att utvecklas. Detta kräver närvaro av ett flertal olika hormoner, exempelvis östrogen, progesteron, prolaktin och tillväxthormon (GH). Men även tillväxtfaktorer så som insulinlik tillväxtfaktor 1 (IGF-1) och epidermal growth factor (EGF) krävs. Samma hormoner och tillväxtfaktorer kan leda till juverhyperplasi och medföra en ökad risk för juvertumörer. Juvertumörer är en av de vanligaste tumörtyperna hos tikar och representerar ungefär 70 % av alla cancerfall. Den typiska patientbilden är en äldre, okastrerad tik eller en tik som blivit kastrerad senare i livet.

Vitamin A och dess derivat har en avgörande funktion i kroppen, både hos dräktiga tikar och hos övriga hundar genom att påverka synförmåga och tillväxt av epitel samt andra viktiga cellulära mekanismer. För att fosterutvecklingen ska fungera normalt behöver moderdjuret få i sig tillräcklig mängd vitamin A via kosten. För höga mängder kan däremot ha en skadande effekt och leda till missbildningar hos fostret. En av de vanligaste missbildningarna orsakade av ett överintag av vitamin A är gomspalt. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att beskriva hur den normala utvecklingen av gommen går till och genom vilka mekanismer ett överintag av vitamin A hos moderdjuret kan bidra till uppkomst av gomspalt hos fostret. Utvecklingen av gommen börjar med ett intramaxillärt område som uppkommer genom sammanfogning av tre olika vulster, två från överkäken (maxillarvulsterna) och en från näsområdet (nasofrontala vulsten). Det intramaxillära området består av tre delar varav den ena utgör den primära gommen.

The dog has often served as a model animal for humans in scientific studies. This is due to the fact that dogs are susceptible to a wide range of diseases which also affect humans. One example is cancer, a condition that affects dogs as well as owners. Neoplastic diseases account for 18-23 % of all deaths in dogs (Bonnet et al., 2005 and Jagielski et al., 2002). Mammary tumor, or tumor of the breast, is the most common tumor form in intact dogs and women (Im et al., 2013). Mammary tumors originate in the udder, and are classified according to their histological characteristics.

Of all observable societal trends, the Proliferation of standardizing processes is striking. Auditing standards are an illustrative example of this. Not only privately owned companies must today make available numbers and key figures to satisfy needs of information and knowledge. Government agencies are increasingly conforming to this trend, adopting standards for quality assurance and monitoring, producing numbers and annual reports ? despite their somewhat ambiguous task and role.