The writer has attempted to discuss the distinction between the necessary and the contingent. It begins with a criticism against the possibility for a so-called ?a possible worlds realism? to give a ?philosophical explanation? of this distinction. The writer argues that this is impossible, since it requires that a notion of this distinction be already accepted (more precisely that the necessity of such a theory is already accepted).After this specific criticism, the writer intends to show that this is a more general problem that follows any explanation of the contingent/necessary distinction.The writer then discusses the counter-argument that the requirements placed on these explanations are set to high, therefore the writer shows in theory the problem can be solved and sketches a more specific way how to explain and show the basis for this distinction..

The systems environments of today are often distributed and heterogeneous. These kind of systems have several advantages but also disadvantages. One problem is how to keep them secure.The security problems in these environments are mainly due to the communication between the connected computers. It is relatively easy to tap these communication channels from information. There is also a need for the possibility to secure these channels from modification of sent information and to be able to verify the sender and receiver of information in a secure manner.

Syftet med denna studie Àr att undersöka de problem som kan uppstÄ i ett nÀtverk dÀr konkurrerade företag samarbetar mot gemensamma mÄl. Vidare undersöks Àven bakomliggande faktorer till problemen, samt hur de kan motverkas. Som grund för arbetet ligger de teorier som behandlar problem vid relationer mellan företag, samt hur företagen kan skapa starka relationer för att motverka problemen. En empirisk undersökning genomfördes i form av en fallstudie för att erhÄlla data till en vidare analys. Fallstudien genomfördes pÄ fem aktörer inom LuleÄ Taxi, som Àr ett nÀtverk av konkurrerande företag.

Bakgrund: Stomi innebÀr att genom kirurgiskt ingrepp anlÀgga en öppning genom bukvÀggen för att avleda tarminnehÄll. MÄnga stomiopererade kan ha svÄrigheter att hantera den nya situationen. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser kring hur det Àr att leva med tarmstomi. Metod: Litteraturstudie med tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ eller kvantitativ design. Resultat: Att leva med tarmstomi medförde en förÀndrad livssituation, som för mÄnga var svÄr att hantera.

Webbutveckling Àr, i förhÄllande till traditionell systemutveckling, ett relativt ungt forskningsomrÄde. En hel del forskning har dock gjorts inom omrÄdet. MÄnga studier har syftat till att utveckla metoder och tekniker som ska stödja arbetet i praktiken. Det har emellertid visat sig att dessa metoder och tekniker sÀllan anvÀnds av webbyrÄer. ArbetssÀttet inom branschen beskrivs ofta som ostrukturerat och ibland kaotiskt.

Syftet med den Àr undersökningen har varit att skapa en förstÄelse för att kunna förklara de problem som uppstÄr vid en lagerflytt mellan produktion och distribution inom ett affÀrssystem. För att kunna uppnÄ syftet identifierades de teorier som skulle komma att behövas. Teorierna jÀmfördes med en nulÀgesbeskrivning pÄ företaget för att se hur det fungerade i affÀrssystemet. Analyseringen utav teorierna och nulÀget bidrog till att pÄpeka var problem kunde uppstÄ eller om de redan fanns inom systemet. Tack vare den analyserade informationen kunde slutligen slutsatser om rekommendationer pÄpekas för hur problemen skulle kunna motverkas, om inte motarbetas..

This study aims to examine how the interventions for homeless persons in the municipality of Kalmar are organized. The study is based on four half-structured qualitative interviews with both representatives from different instances and also from persons who have experience of being homeless.The theoretical bases we have used to analyze the material are organization theory, specifically the concept of bureaucracy. Our results show that homelessness is not seen as a problem in itself, since the general view is that homeless people often have a complex problem scenario where drug- and alcohol abuse and mental illness are common.It is often the latter that takes priority in the interventions and the housing question is therefore neglected. We also found that social services do not have a satisfactory structure around the organization of the work on homelessness. They do not have any specific device in Kalmar that focus on homelessness issues with the result that the existing units are forced to take care of the work of homelessness.

I Sverige finns det nÀstan 300 myndigheter som kontrollerar olika delar av livsmedelskedjan frÄn jord till bord. De flesta av dessa myndigheter Àr kommunala nÀmnder som genom sina tjÀnstemÀn sköter tillsynen av mÄnga olika sorters livsmedelsverksamheter. En av dessa verksamheter Àr gÄrdsmejerier och andra mindre mejerier som i mÄnga kommuner Àr de anlÀggningar med högst riskklassning och dessutom oftast unika i sitt slag, vilket stÀller storakrav pÄ de kommunala livsmedelsinspektörerna.Den konflikt som ofta kan uppstÄ vid de tillsynsbesök som inte motsvarar bÄda parters förvÀntningar och önskningar kan ofta leda till misstro och en dÄlig dialog. Detta kan leda till problem bÄde för företagare och för inspektörer som fÄr ett sÀmre arbetsklimat. För att komma till rÀtta med dessa problem mÄste man undersöka vad som fungerar bra och lÀra sig av dessa goda exempel.

Uppsatsen berör detaljplaneprocessen i Stockholms stad. Syftet Àr att undersöka hur detaljplaneprocessen Àr utformad, identifiera problem som fördröjer processen samt diskutera eventuella effektiviseringsÄtgÀrder. För att besvara syftet har fallstudier genomförts av byggprojekten LövholmsvÀgen i Gröndal, kvarter Kolbottnen i HagsÀtra samt PepparvÀgen i HökarÀngen. Byggprojekten har studerats kvalitativt i form av arkivstudier och intervjuer. Uppsatsen tillÀmpar processteori som analysmodell med fokus pÄ effektivisering.I slutsatsen redovisas sju faktorer som kan bidra till lÀngre detaljplaneprocesser: resursbrist, konjunkturlÀge, grönomrÄden, praktiska utmaningar, motstridiga intressen, förÀndrade omstÀndigheter samt involvering av rÀtts- och beslutsinstanser.

Syftet var att beskriva förekomst av risk för eller undernÀring samt vanligast insatta och typav förebyggande ÄtgÀrder bland personer i sÀrskilt boende samt att undersöka om det fannsskillnader i förekomst av risk för eller undernÀring hos personer med neuropsykologiskaproblem jÀmfört med personer utan sÄdana problem. Studien hade en beskrivande ochjÀmförande design med kvantitativ ansats. Datat inhÀmtades frÄn kvalitetsregistret Senioralert. Deltagarna i studien utgjordes av 341 personer frÄn en kommun i Mellansverige.Resultatet visade att 41,9 % hade risk för eller var undernÀrda enligt MNA-SF. BMI <22poÀng hade 23,5 %.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how young female Kurd immigrants experienced their existence between two different cultures, namely Swedish compared to the immigrants parents culture. How their experience behavioural conduct between the opposite sex before marriage and if the young female Kurds thought the mass media picture of them was thought of as a correct image of their lives in general or whether they experienced it as a generalisation only. We chose qualitative methods for our study and used suitable literature based on the theories of this subject to be able to understand the problem. To go deeper whit the study five young female Kurds aged between eighteen and twenty years were asked if they would participate in an interview on the subject. These participants proved that they had no problem at all being multicultural.

Introduction: Increased savings in funds has enforced the importance of the institutions. During the last 25 years they have augmented their ownership from 20 to 85 % of the Swedish stock exchange. Thereby the ownership becomes more and more financial, meaning that the return is the most crucial. In an article in Dagens Nyheter the president of the Swedish Shareholders Association and the president of Metall object to the institutional passivity which they consider being an important problem. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to put the institutional passivity in perspective.

Choosing a new plastic material for a container includes several different steps. In this case,the Finnish company Hackman needed a new type of packaging material for theircutlery- and kitchentool series »Hackman tools«. The project was carried out in cooperationwith the design agency Ytterborn & Fuentes, which has Hackman as a client.Several different demands were put on the material in order to fulfill as many of the clientswishes as possible. The most urgent problem with the existing container was the difficultysfor the customer to clearly see the contents in the container. Because of this problemthe customer tried to open the container in the shop.

Something that all people have come across and more or less experienced is climate change. Climate change in itself is a very complex problem since there are no borders between countries that can stop the problem. The link between science and the public is largely in the hands of the media, since the media play an important role in defining environmental issues and to inform the public about research findings. In recent years, reports from the media showed a slightly skeptical and uncertain picture of this problem. This is despite the largely prevailing consensus among climate scientists that there is an anthropogenic climate change.

In 1999 the childbearing increased, which in combination with the closure of a number ofpreschools led to the shortage and reduced capacity in available places for youngchildren. The lack of places in preschools has led us to try to find a solution to theproblem and in order to solve the problem we have interviewed personnel of preschoolsin Halmstad. The persons we met were asked to list advantages and disadvantages oftheir preschool and also to come up with innovative solutions and new ideas of how todevelop a satisfactory preschool. This was the basis for us when we drew our drawingsand our main objective was to find a new template for the development of pre-fabricatedpreschools.When drawing a new and modern preschool a number of considerations have to be made,first of all the main objective for the children is play and playtime, a second objective issound reduction and laws about sound reduction. Another consideration is how toconstruct the building and which method to be used, for instance should industrialtechniques be considered and pros and cons be listed.The main disappointment amongst the preschool personnel was that they had noinfluence in the planning stage of the new development of the preschool.