The purpose of this study has been to investigate the prospects for identifying and prosecuting individuals suspected of war crimes, within the process of exclusion from refugee status under article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and using subsequent mechanisms for extradition or prosecution in international criminal law. A number of principles within human rights law and public international law have been advocated by the UNCHR and several human rights NGOs as necessary for a thorough application of the exclusion clauses; one that takes individual responsibility into account and upholds the aims and purposes of the exclusion clauses. There is a discussion as to whether specialised or accelerated exclusion procedures are justified for reasons of security and efficiency, or if they put the rights of the individual at risk and limit the opportunities for gathering information to support investigation and prosecution of the crime in question. Apart from the instruments of asylum law and procedure that have emerged within the EU harmonisation process, there are no general, binding rules on the procedural aspects of the exclusion clauses. One principle that regulates the consequences for the individual of exclusion from refugee status and decisions on extradition is, however, the principle of non-refoulement.

According to the arm?s length principle, transactions between associated multinational en-terprises (MNE) shall be based on the same conditions as transactions between unrelated parties. This means that intra-group prices on cross-boarding transactions must be at arm?s length range and consistent with conditions in the open market. The arm?s length principle is expressed in article 9.1 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and Chapter 14 section 19 of the Swedish Income Tax Act.When transfer pricing between associated MNEs is not reflecting the arm?s length princi-ple, states face the possibility of losing tax revenue.

AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to discover the driving forces in top athletes, concerning training, body image and social positioning. Furthermore the object is to study how important being fit is for social reasons in today?s society. The athletes have been interviewed face-to-face and described their personal drive regarding training, their goals and the significance of the sport. They have also described how they see the image of the ideal body that currently exists within the field of sport and society and how training affects their own body image.

The rise of the Swedish Democrats, as a political party in Sweden, has been surroundedby controversy both within and outside of the media. As such a polarizingtopic, the party has been the focus of negative and positive attention. On onehand it has been considered a racist and xenophobic party due to its policies onimmigrants. On the other, it has also been seen as a solution to what has been consideredby some to be a constant problem in Sweden, for those same policies.These policies are motivated by what the party perceives as a threat to Swedishsociety. That is to say, immigrants are a threat to Sweden because of thechanges they impose on the Swedish identity.

The concept of quality is difficult to identify clearly. Many attempts to define quality havebeen made, but the resulting definition remains vague.The quality concept (in the artistic sense) has since 1974 played a leading role in Swedishcultural policy. In the spring of 2009, a publication, named ?Kulturutredningen? waspublished. This report suggested a number of changes for the Swedish cultural policy.

Socialt arbete är ett ombestritt ämne. Begreppet har visat sig vara svårt att definiera och en samstämmig bild av vad socialt arbete innebär står inte att finna. Uppfattningarna om hur det sociala arbetet skall identifieras är många och således syftar studien till att kritiskt utreda begreppet socialt arbete och ta reda på hur det sociala arbetet förhåller sig till definitionsfrågan i både forskning och praktik. Studien följer frågeställningarna angående hur begreppet socialt arbete definieras i forskning och praktik och även hur det sociala arbetet påverkas gentemot definitionsfrågan. Studien har utförts utifrån en så kallad triangulering där både en litteraturstudie och kvalitativa intervjuer av yrkesverksamma i det sociala arbetet har utförts för att utreda begreppet socialt arbete och dess identifiering.

Today, there is no uniform definition of what an ethical fund is. Fund management companies choose themselves what they believe is ethical and not. The lack of the definition makes it difficult for consumers to understand why these funds are special compared to other funds. The purpose of this study is to examine three Swedish companies; KPA Pension, Swedbank Robur and Folksam, to obtain a clearer picture of the concept ethical funds and its definition. The study describes each company's view of Ethics and how they may affect other companies to work for a more sustainable world.

This study deals with integration between core subjects and character subjects on the upper secondary schools Electrical Engineering Programme. The purpose is to investigate how four teachers define subject integration, which the advantages and disadvantages are according to them and what the purpose is whit integrate the core subjects and the character subjects.The finding in this study highlighted that between themselves the teachers had different definitions of subject integration. In order to start up with a integrated working model the teachers had to come up whit a mutual definition of subject integration..

Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån pedagogers definition av begreppet utomhuspedagogik belysa pedagogers didaktiska ställningstaganden i samband med den pedagogiska verksamhet som bedrivs utomhus inom förskola och förskoleklass.Studien utgår från Anders Szczepanskis definition av begreppet utomhuspedagogik, där utomhuspedagogik ses som att: lärandets rum flyttas ut, växelverkan mellan sinnlig upplevelse och boklig bildning samt att platsens för lärandet är av stor betydelse.För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har det genomförts sex samtalsintervjuer och sex utomhusobservationer. Resultatet visar att respondenterna inte definierar begreppet utomhuspedagogik på samma sätt som Szczepanski. Vidare visar resultatet utifrån de didaktiska ställningstaganden pedagogerna tar i samband med sin utomhusverksamhet att hälsa ses som den största anledningen till att bedriva pedagogisk verksamhet utomhus. Pedagogerna ansåg inte att platsen för lärandet hade någon betydelse utan de menade istället att planeringen är det som betyder något. Den slutsats författarna till studien kom fram till var att det inte i enlighet med Szczepanskis definition, bedrivs utomhuspedagogik på respektive förskolor och skola..

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the term equableness in the Swedish elementary school with a take-off point in the free school reform from 1992. This essay starts with the political background of the terms equableness and freedom of choice and the official governmental guidelines. Research from Bo Malmberg and Gabriel Sahlgren act as a framework for the whole essay as their theories are tested. The main problem is presented as the question: is the debated concern regarding a lowered equableness since 1992 justifiable? Both researchers define equableness as a difference in grades but undertake a collective versus a more individual approach.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur lärare på en grundskola som undervisar i teoretiska ämnen uppfattar sin roll som handledare för eleverna i verksamheten, men även hur lärarna arbetar med handledning av elever. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats och den datainsamlingsmetod som användes var den halvstrukturerade intervjun och totalt intervjuades åtta lärare. De resultat som framkom i studien var att lärarnas definition av handledning bestod av två aspekter, dels den sociala delen och dels den pedagogiska. Lärarnas definition visade att de båda aspekterna är lika betydelsefulla och har lika stor plats i definitionen av handledning. Lärarnas upplevelser av handledning handlade om den didaktiska och pedagogiskt praktiska situationen och sociala aspekter.

The aim of this thesis has been to discuss whether remainders of colonial influences exist within the UN's definition of torture or not. The discussion has been presented from a postcolonial point of view, in dialogue with contemporary power critical theorists. In order to raise awareness of a potential colonial influence, the following questions were intended to be answered:?                                        Are there any reasons, if so ? which ones, to regard the UN's definition of torture as a colonial project? And;?                                        To what extent is the term ?inhumane? limiting for the prohibition against torture from a postcolonial perspective?One of the most central arguments of the chosen theories is that the term ?inhumane? evokes prejudices that a racializing apparatus within the social norms of the UN automatically produces. These prejudices are, according to the theorists, influenced by images of people in non-western and non-secular (especially muslim) societies as more prone to exercise ?violence? and ?cruelty? towards their own citizens as well as towards the population of the world in general.

AbstractValue Added Tax, VAT, is a general consumption tax that is added to almost all consumption of goods and services. Despite the extensive work of harmonization of the VAT system relating to electronic services, it can be difficulties in determining the taxable land, something that could affect the internal market in a negative way. The Swedish companyStardollABwas double taxed on certain electronic services that they provided consumers in theUK. The problems that lead to double taxation must be identified to ensure free competition and free movement within the internal market. The principle of neutrality pervades the whole of the EU VAT system which can be derived from principles of the Treaty, establishing the common market, and the introduction of the VAT Directive.

The gap between practise and theory is often described in negative words in teachers? professional lives. Learning study is a model for teachers´ professional development where a theoretical framework is used to enhance practice. The theoretical framework used by teachers in learning study is variation theory. In this study the research object is variation theory and the aim is to present how variation theory becomes a guiding principle to understand teaching and learning processes.

Detta arbete är en kvalitativ intervjustudie som undersöker lärares tankar kring begreppet livsfrågor. Totalt tio stycken lärare från låg- och mellanstadiet har intervjuats och har därigenom bidragit med sina erfarenheter inom området. Enligt tidigare forskning kan livsfrågor uppfattas som något diffust. Syftet var därför att reda ut begreppets komplexitet genom att ta del av lärares definition samt deras tankar kring undervisning och bedömning i relation till livsfrågebegreppet. De resultat som framkom genom analys av intervjusvaren stärker uppfattningen om att det är svårt att entydigt definiera vad livsfrågor är för något.