Heart failure is a condition where the heart is incapable of providing adequate blood supply to different organs in the body. The underlying causes of heart failure is some kind of disorder in the heart function, and require careful diagnostics. The basic symptoms that arise from heart failure is difficulty in breathing, that aggravate when lying down, and fatigue. The patients? symptoms and impaired quality of life can be in different stages depending on the severity of the heart failure.

 SAMMANFATTNINGBakgrund Forskning inom området mat och hälsa har en lång tradition. Däremot finns lite forskning om den praktiska dagliga verksamheten för dietister. Dietister är nöjda med sitt arbete men det finns ett flertal faktorer som gör dem frustrerade såsom t ex tidsbrist. Dietisters verksamhet bygger på konceptet mat och hälsa. Folkhälsa har diskuterats mycket senaste åren då välfärdsjukdomar är ett växande problem.

Life in addiction and what it is like to quitA qualitative study based on men and womens emotional experienses and social relationshipsWomen in addiction are faced by harder social attitudes then men, which could be an explanation to the fact that, in comparison to men, less women are seen in addiction. That women experience stronger feelings of shame makes them inclined to hide their addiction and this in turn can increase the feeling of shame. The objective of this essay was to, with a starting-point in theory and essential concepts as social relationships and emotions, gain knowledge about emotional experiences and momentous events for men and women during time in addiction and when quitting. More specifically, the aim of the study was to answer the following questions; What is life in addiction and quitting, regarding social relationships and emotional experiences as pride and shame in interaction with people who are important to the individual, like? Do the situations women are in, and the experiences they have, differ from those of men? Do these social relationships and emotional experiences influence the addition and the quitting? In the study six persons have been interviewed, three men and three women who are all quitting, or trying to quit, their drug and/or alcohol addiction.

Bakgrund: Strategier för att upprätta ett system för finansiering av särläkemedel, d.v.s. läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar, pågår. Målet är att individer med störst behov ska prioriteras utan att resurser till större individgrupper minskas. Problem föreligger dock vid fördelning av resurserna, då dessa redan är begränsade, och att särläkemedel medför mycket höga kostnader. Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att redovisa hur olika intressenter i Sverige bedömer i vilken omfattning särläkemedel skall användas, vem som skall bära kostnaderna, och hur prioriteringar bör göras för att skapa ett ekonomiskt utrymme för deras användning.

60 million years ago the horse was the size of a small dog, and walked on four toes. Today it can weigh up to 500-1000 kg and has evolved to walking on only one phalanx. The anatomy of the horses? legs and hooves allow them to run at high speeds, and at the same time enables them to bear the extremely high concussions applied to the foot at high speeds or jumps. Every horse owner has his or her own opinion on how to manage their horses? hooves, and whether the horse should be shod or unshod. The knowledge, commitment and attention of the owner determine the quality of the hoof care, but also the time between the arising of symptoms of abnormalities of the hoof until care is sought with a farrier or veterinarian. New laws will be applied at the beginning of 2015 which bring on changes in authorization for farriers.

Septic tenosynovitis involving the digital sheath is a relatively common problem in the horse and the prognosis has been considered as poor. However, there are only few studies confirming this. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge about the prognosis for septic tenosynovitis in the digital sheath. The literature indicates that half or a bit more than half of the treated horses will return to previous use. The recommended treatment is debridement of the wound, lavage and sometimes application of drains and broadspectrum antibiotics. The prognosis is considered as worse when the infection is established.

Bakgrund: En ökad medveten närvaro kring måltiden och ätandet genom mindful eating har i ny forskning visat sig vara en effektiv metod för att minska en rad olika sjukdomar och hälsorelaterade problem samt bidra till gynnsamma hälsoeffekter. Trots detta finns få studier genomförda i en svensk kontext.Syfte: Undersöka och beskriva graden av mindful eating hos en grupp individer på sociala medier i förhållande till Body Mass Index och demografiska variabler.Metod: Deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. Ett tidigare utvecklat instrument, Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), översattes och distribuerades som en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Respondenterna rekryterades under en veckas tid genom ett snöbollsurval på det sociala nätverket Facebook. Inklusionskriterierna var att deltagarna skulle behärska det svenska språket, vara mellan 20-65 år och användare av Facebook.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that manifests as an increased level of glucose in the blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 347 million people have diabetes worldwide. In year 2004, 3.4 million people died from the consequences of high blood glucose. In the Swedish population the prevalence of diabetes is estimated to 3-4 %, out of which 85-90% are Type 2. Among senior citizens a prevalence of diabetes is seen in Sweden up to 14 - 15%.

India is the country with the highest prevalence of rabies in the world, with about 20?000 human deaths occurring every year. The country also has a heavy burden of free roaming dogs, mainly because of the high amount of edible waste in the streets, which are the main hosts for the disease. Therefore to truly extinguish rabies, the main focus should be on the dogs, both stray dogs and owned. One method is to vaccinate all dogs against rabies.

Abstract One of the leading causes of food borne infections in the world is due to Salmonella by con-suming poultry products including eggs and meat. According to US Food and Drug Admin-istration (2009), 2 to 4 million cases of Salmonellosis in humans occur every year only in US. Salmonella causes wide range of diseases with enteric and typhoid fever, food poisoning, di-arrhea and gastro-enteritis. Many serotypes of Salmonella do not have host specificity and cause disease in all kinds of animals and humans. Salmonella has capability to modify accord-ing to the changing environment and it can develop resistance against routine elimination practices of sanitation, chemical treatments and antibacterial drugs. Newly established poultry industries in Pakistan are confronting various infectious diseases including Salmonellosis while in Sweden Salmonella prevalence in animal products con-sumed for humans is extremely low.

Sahlgrenska Academyat University of GothenburgDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionAbstractTitle: Can an increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on testosteronelevels in women with PCOS?Author: Ylva Dernbrant och Helene HagenborgSupervisor: Lena HulthénExaminer: Anna WinkvistProgramme: Dietician study programme, 180/240 ECTSType of paper: Examination paper, 15 hpDate: May 23, 2012BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome affects women of fertile age and consists of elevated testosterone levels and increased insulin resistance along with effects on ovulation and fertility. The elevated level of testosterone often leads to problem with acne and hirsutism, and it is also common with overweight and metabolic syndrome. The nutrition treatment has mainly consisted of energy restriction, together with exercise and drugs to reduce insulin resistance and consequently reduce androgen levels. However, an in-depth knowledge about how the components of our diet can affect further, is lacking.Omega-3-fatty acids can affect insulin resistance and testosterone levels within other groups but today knowledge is lacking if these findings can be transferred to women with PCOS.

Avhorning är ett ingrepp som utförs rutinmässigt på kalvar och i mindre omfattning på killingar. Den vanligaste avhorningsmetoden i Sverige är brännjärnsavhorning. Ingreppet är smärtsamt för djuren, något som visats genom ökade smärtbeteenden samt förhöjda plasmakoncentrationer av kortisol. En metod för att minska smärtan är att ge lokalbedövning i samband med ingreppet. När lokalanestesin slutar verka ökar plasmakoncentrationen av kortisol och det har även påvisats att mängden smärtrelaterade beteenden ökar.

Sexualvanor bland ungdomar har i generella termer genomgått stor förändring. Debutåldern sjunker och fler sexualpartners är mer vanligt förekommande. En tidig sexualdebut kan dock vara problematiskt i många avseenden. Forskning visar att en tidig sexdebut bör ses som ett tecken på en skadlig livsstil då det visat att ungdomar med tidiga sexuella relationer också tenderar att använda mer tobak, alkohol och droger jämfört med ungdomar utan sexuella erfarenheter. En studie pekar på att assyriska/syrianska ungdomar i Sverige tenderar att sexdebutera sent samt ha ett lågt antal sexualpartners.

Det finns många läkemedel som höjer blodtrycket eller interagerar med antihypertensiva läkemedel vilket motverkar en blodtryckssänkning. Den vanligaste interaktionen är en försämring av de antihypertensiva läkemedlens effekt på grund av intag av non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs (7). Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att försöka besvara:Hur påverkas olika grupper av antihypertensiva läkemedel? Hur påverkar traditionella NSAID preparat respektive COX-2 hämmare effekten av antihypertensiva läkemedel? Hur allvarliga är interaktionerna? Vilken dos behövs för att en interaktion mellan NSAIDs och antihypertensiva läkemedel ska uppstå? Vilka typer av patienter utgör riskgrupper?Nio randomiserade kontrollerade kliniska studier inkluderades i detta examensarbete. Studierna undersökte sju olika NSAIDs; diklofenak, ibuprofen, indometacin, piroxikam, sulindac, celecoxib och rofecoxib, och representerade flertalet olika typer av antihypertensiva läkemedelsbehandlingar.

Abstract This paper discusses protectionism of intellectual property rights in general and the conflict between large pharmaceutical companies? rights to patent and developing countries? rights to cheap generic preparation in particular. The essay focuses above all on HIV/AIDS medicine. The description tries to give an image of the different interests that collide and why they collide. The different actors are above all the pharmaceutical branch, including researchers, inventors and salesmen with their economic interest of revenue, and the population of the development countries and their pressed situation considering the great need of medicine.