A foundation of our welfare state is that we have a social safety net. This safety net is designed to pick up individuals who are in need of help and support to manage their way of life. This essay regards people who need help with care or people who need help with an addiction. This essay is a qualitative text analysis, which aims to see whether, and if so how, help-seekers are constructed in 40 social service documents within a municipality in central Sweden. We have endeavored to illustrate the power that the written word possesses and which categories of people are constructed depending on the language and content of the social documents.

This study aims to investigate how federations manage to balance the economies of scale through collaboration and autonomy. This is done through a case study on Länsförsäkringar. The lack of modern research on federations makes the federative structure an interesting field of study. Previous research has shown a general perception that an increased pressure on efficiency and economies of scale creates a stronger common unit that eventually creates an imbalance in the federation. It is therefore interesting to look at the balance, which exists between the member units and the common unit of a federation.

This report is a commission from the Care Unit of Hässleholm municipal. The purpose is to illuminate what is distinguish for contact persons at sheltered housing in the Municipal of Hässleholm? It contains three questions at issue. What are the expectations of the contact men? What information is given? How is communication between the professional categories working out?The report also contains a background with a brief Swedish history in care of older people.

Trots likartade operativa ingrepp upplever vi att det kan skilja mycket mellan behovet av smärtlindring postoperativt. Kanske erhåller patienten otillräcklig preoperativ information vilket skulle kunna resultera i onödig oro, som i sin tur kan påverka den postoperativa smärtupplevelsen. Målsättningen med den postoperativa smärtbehandlingen bör vara att förebygga smärtan snarare än att lindra den. Det är viktigt att förhindra att postoperativ smärta uppstår överhuvudtaget vilket medför minskad risk för uppkomst av kroniska smärtsyndrom. En förberedd och välinformerad patient kan hantera den postoperativa situationen bättre.

Postoperativ återhämtning är en viktig del när patienten genomgår ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Efter operation vårdas patienten för rehabilitering samt för observation och behandling av eventuella anestesiologiska och/eller kirurgiska komplikationer. Som ett resultat av utvecklingen av anestesiologisk och kirurgisk teknik (till exempel minimal invasiv kirurgi och standardisering av operationsmetoder) har den postoperativa vårdtiden på sjukhuset minskat. Genom denna effektivisering så minskar kostnaderna och fler patienter kan opereras inom kortare tid i jämförelse mot tidigare.Författarna till den här studien arbetar på en kirurgavdelning där patienter vårdas som bland annat har genomgått kolorektal kirurgi. Uppföljning av patienternas postoperativa återhämtning på avdelningen sker enligt fasta kliniska rutiner genom till exempel kontroll av kroppstemperatur, blodtryck, andning, smärta och magtarmfunktion.

Sammanfattning:En patient som genomgått ett kirurgiskt ingrepp kan uppleva postoperativ smärta. Oavsett graden av smärta kan det vara svårt för sjuksköterskan att göra en korrekt bedömning.Syfte: Syftet med vår systematiska litteraturstudie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan bedömer patientens postoperativa smärta. Metod: Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna Cinahl, Cochrane, Elin@Kalmar, PubMed och Psychinfo. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan använde sig av olika tillvägagångssätt i bedömningen av postoperativ smärta hos patienten. Tecken hos patienten såsom verbal kommunikation, icke-verbala-, och vitala tecken samt användning av smärtskattningsinstrument såsom VAS (Visuell Analog Skala) var vanligt förekommande sätt att bedöma patientens postoperativa smärta.

Dagens utveckling av mjukvara går snabbare och snabbare samtidigt som mjukvaran blir allt mer komplex. Att under dessa omständigheter kunna bibehålla en lika om inte högre kodkvalité är en utmaning. På UIQ bestämde de sig för att undersöka om ett automatiserat unit test kunde hjälpa dem. Metoderna för att komma fram till resultaten i denna rapport har varit intervjuer, en enkät, intern information och litteratur så som forskningsartiklar m.m. Denna rapport är en utredning av automatiserade test, vad man bör tänka på, vilka fördelarna är, vilka testfall som är möjliga att automatisera med mera. Rapporten kommer även att presentera grunderna i testning av mjukvara, en introduktion till eXtreme Programming och Test-Driven Development samt hur testningen utförs på UIQ idag. Då jag kom fram till att ett automatiserat unit test skulle passa sig bra på UIQ kommer jag i slutet av denna rapport presentera ett implementerings förslag. Man bör även införa en test driven utvecklings metodik för att säkerhetsställa att det kommer att utvecklas automatiserade testfall..

Postoperativ shivering (PAS) definieras som en serie ofrivilliga muskelrörelser som ökar den metabola värmeproduktionen i kroppen. Förekomsten av postoperativ shivering är ett problem inom den perioperativa vården. Det finns flera orsaker till shivering. Termoregulativa och icke termoregulativa. PAS förekommer i ca 5-65% av alla anestesier, men frekvensen har under åren minskat.

Detta arbete beskriver struppipning, som är en sjukdom som beror på att rekurrensnerven är skadad. Detta leder till att larynx inte kan fungera normalt. Hästens symtom visar sig särskilt vid ansträngning, då den blir onormalt trött, och vid inandning har den ofta ett karakteristiskt missljud. Orsaken till att nervskadan uppstår är ofta idiopatisk, men det kan exempelvis också bero på trauma av olika slag. Det är troligt att sjukdomen är ärftlig.

Early extubation of cardiac surgery patients has become increasingly important. The assessment of the patient before an early extubation is crucial and the intensive care nurses (ICU nurses) in this estimation is there for very important.The aim of this study was to examine critical care nurses' knowledge of early extubation, and what view ICU nurse has about factors that affect the time to extubation of cardiac surgery patients.A quantitative approach with descriptive and comparative design was used. Selection was all ICU nurses at a thoracic intensive care unit who were clinically active in patient care.The study showed that ICU nurses had good knowledge of why an early extubation was essential. However, the knowledge about the unit?s extubation criteria was low.

The aim of my study is to investigate how last year students in upper secondary schoolunderstand certain mathematical concepts, in particular the unit circle and its trigonometry.I have used intentional analysis to interpret student?s actions when they solve certain tasks onthe basis of a cognitive, situated and cultural context.Interviews with four university teachers in mathematics about the unit circle, trigonometry,and mathematical understanding, serve both as background for the study and as basis for adiscussion, where I relate students understanding to what the teachers want new students toknow about these concepts when they begin university studies in mathematics.The students were arranged in three groups with three students in each group. Each group waspresented with two tasks, one in which they were asked to calculate the cosine values for onepointed, one blunt and one straight angle, each located in a separate triangle. They were alsoasked to decide whether the points (0,71; 0,71) and d (1 2 , 3 2 ) are located on the unit circleor not.My conclusion is that students mainly have an operational conception of the unit circle andtrigonometry. The lack of structural conceptions result in difficulties in seeing connectionsbetween the concepts in unfamiliar situations.

Bakgrund: Forskning kring hur föräldrar upplevde sitt barns omvårdnad i samband med operation har visat att föräldrar förväntade sig mer stöd från sjukvårdspersonalen än vad de fick, men att personalen var omedveten om detta. Föräldrarna kände sig osäkra på sin roll i omvårdnadsarbetet och de kände att deras auktoritet var hotad. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva föräldrars upplevelser av deras barns omvårdnad på sjukhus i samband med operation och speciellt vid postoperativ smärta. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserades på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Analys av artiklarna resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: ?Upplevelser av sjukhusmiljön?, ?Upplevelser av rollen som förälder?, ?Upplevelser av personalens bemötande? och ?Upplevelser av barnets postoperativa omvårdnad?.

The aim of my study is to investigate how last year students in upper secondary schoolunderstand certain mathematical concepts, in particular the unit circle and its trigonometry.I have used intentional analysis to interpret student?s actions when they solve certain tasks onthe basis of a cognitive, situated and cultural context.Interviews with four university teachers in mathematics about the unit circle, trigonometry,and mathematical understanding, serve both as background for the study and as basis for adiscussion, where I relate students understanding to what the teachers want new students toknow about these concepts when they begin university studies in mathematics.The students were arranged in three groups with three students in each group. Each group waspresented with two tasks, one in which they were asked to calculate the cosine values for onepointed, one blunt and one straight angle, each located in a separate triangle. They were alsoasked to decide whether the points (0,71; 0,71) and d (1 2 , 3 2 ) are located on the unit circleor not.My conclusion is that students mainly have an operational conception of the unit circle andtrigonometry. The lack of structural conceptions result in difficulties in seeing connectionsbetween the concepts in unfamiliar situations.

The aim of my study is to investigate how last year students in upper secondary schoolunderstand certain mathematical concepts, in particular the unit circle and its trigonometry.I have used intentional analysis to interpret student?s actions when they solve certain tasks onthe basis of a cognitive, situated and cultural context.Interviews with four university teachers in mathematics about the unit circle, trigonometry,and mathematical understanding, serve both as background for the study and as basis for adiscussion, where I relate students understanding to what the teachers want new students toknow about these concepts when they begin university studies in mathematics.The students were arranged in three groups with three students in each group. Each group waspresented with two tasks, one in which they were asked to calculate the cosine values for onepointed, one blunt and one straight angle, each located in a separate triangle. They were alsoasked to decide whether the points (0,71; 0,71) and d (1 2 , 3 2 ) are located on the unit circleor not.My conclusion is that students mainly have an operational conception of the unit circle andtrigonometry. The lack of structural conceptions result in difficulties in seeing connectionsbetween the concepts in unfamiliar situations.

The aim of my study is to investigate how last year students in upper secondary schoolunderstand certain mathematical concepts, in particular the unit circle and its trigonometry.I have used intentional analysis to interpret student?s actions when they solve certain tasks onthe basis of a cognitive, situated and cultural context.Interviews with four university teachers in mathematics about the unit circle, trigonometry,and mathematical understanding, serve both as background for the study and as basis for adiscussion, where I relate students understanding to what the teachers want new students toknow about these concepts when they begin university studies in mathematics.The students were arranged in three groups with three students in each group. Each group waspresented with two tasks, one in which they were asked to calculate the cosine values for onepointed, one blunt and one straight angle, each located in a separate triangle. They were alsoasked to decide whether the points (0,71; 0,71) and d (1 2 , 3 2 ) are located on the unit circleor not.My conclusion is that students mainly have an operational conception of the unit circle andtrigonometry. The lack of structural conceptions result in difficulties in seeing connectionsbetween the concepts in unfamiliar situations.