Ultrasound is a diagnostic aid often overlooked by the veterinary practicioner who works with farm-animals. However, it?s use increases, particulary for breeders where ultrasound has long been used to evaluate ovaries and to diagnose pregnancy or disturbances in reproduction. There is much knowledge in how to examine ovaries and uterus by transrectal ultrasound, but when it comes to doing ultrasound of other organs in the abdomen the knowledge is more limited. Cows are very large animals, so it is not possible to examine everything inside the abdomen with ultrasound, simply because the ultrasound beam has a limited penetration. There is also lots of gas inside the gastro-intestinal tract of a cow, mainly in the large intestine and the rumen, and that makes it impossible to examine the organs behind the gas since the ultrasound waves are reflected when reaching the soft tissue-gas interface.

Bakgrund- Ateroskleros är idag den främsta orsaken till kardiovaskulär sjukdom och orsakar mycket lidande för individen och stora kostnader för samhället. Cytokinet adiponektin utsöndras av fettcellerna och har en bred anti-aterogen effekt. I den aterosklerotiska sjukdomsutvecklingen är lipidackumulation och prolifiering av makrofager till skumceller av avgörande betydelse. Syftet med detta litteraturarbete är att undersöka adiponektin inverkan på lipidackumulation och makrofagprolifiering samt se genom vilka verkningsmekanismer detta kan vara möjligt.Metod och resultat- Artiklarna till denna studie har hämtats från artikeldatabasen PubMed. Resultaten visar att adiponektin framgångsrikt hämmar lipidackumulation via adiponektinreceptorerna AdipoR1 och AdipoR2.

Organic animal husbandry has received a lot of criticism lately. The aim of this literature review was to examine if the rules and principles of organic pig farming give better or worse welfare in comparison to the conventional systems in Sweden. Health, physiology and behaviour have been used as indicators of welfare in this study. This is due to the importance of using more than one indicator in welfare assessments. Studies have shown that organic pigs have more remarks on joints when slaughtered, but these remarks can be reduced by vaccination against erysipelas.

The main interest of this study was to investigate whether there is hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia in cows suffering from abomasal displacement and to evaluate the effect of transport on blood glucose. Thirty-six cows with left- or right-sided abomasal displacement were included in the study together with 17 cows with other diseases for comparison. Fifteen cows with abomasal displacement and 7 cows with other diseases were sampled before transport. One third of the cows with abomasal displacement had hyperglycemia when the transport effects were corrected for. Separating this group in left- and right-sided abomasal displacement we found significantly higher blood glucose and insulin levels among cows with right-sided abomasal displacement. An explanation for this difference may be a strong stress response secondary to the right-sided dislocation.

Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att utreda om Treponema-arter är tänkbara etiologiska agens till öronnekros hos gris. Sjukdomen drabbar främst unga djur och då framförallt efter avvänjning. Symptomen yttrar sig som ytliga lesioner eller nekroser på ytterörat och det är vanligt att många djur drabbas vid samma tidpunkt. Sjukdomen anses vara ett djurvälfärdsproblem men är inte associerad med några produktionsnedgångar. Vid bakteriologiska undersökningar finner man framförallt spiroketer, kockoida och kockobacillära bakterier.

 Bakgrund: Väntelistorna för de patienter som står i kö för en levertransplantation blir allt längre i alla länder runt om i världen. Väntetiden upplevs för patienterna som en psykiskt och socialt påfrestande tid eftersom det är oklart om och när ett organ som passar blir tillgängligt. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan antar utmaningen att möta lidandet och den lidande människan och bidra till att minska detta. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa och beskriva patienters upplevelser i väntan på en levertransplantation. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på totalt 10 kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar.

En levertransplantation är ett livsförändrande ingrepp som innebär en chans till ett nytt liv för patienter med en livshotande diagnos. Ingreppet medför också stora omställningar för patienter i form av fysiska och psykiska svårigheter. Genom att få en större inblick i patienters livssituation kan sjuksköterskorna med den nyvunna kunskapen, ge en bättre anpassad vård till patienterna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa patienternas upplevelser av sin livssituation efter en levertransplantation. Metoden som används är en litteratur baserad studie utifrån kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar, inriktat på patienters upplevelse kring levertransplantation.

Bakgrund- Ateroskleros är idag den främsta orsaken till kardiovaskulär sjukdom och orsakar mycket lidande för individen och stora kostnader för samhället. Cytokinet adiponektin utsöndras av fettcellerna och har en bred anti-aterogen effekt. I den aterosklerotiska sjukdomsutvecklingen är lipidackumulation och prolifiering av makrofager till skumceller av avgörande betydelse. Syftet med detta litteraturarbete är att undersöka adiponektin inverkan på lipidackumulation och makrofagprolifiering samt se genom vilka verkningsmekanismer detta kan vara möjligt.Metod och resultat- Artiklarna till denna studie har hämtats från artikeldatabasen PubMed. Resultaten visar att adiponektin framgångsrikt hämmar lipidackumulation via adiponektinreceptorerna AdipoR1 och AdipoR2.

Antifouling paint containing the biocide bisTributyltinoxide (TBTO) has been used since1960 to reduce the occurrence of fouling on hulls on boats/ships. January 1st, 2003 theantifouling paints containing TBTO were prohibited. This ban covered all use of paintcontaining the substance TBTO. The ban was introduced because of alarming observationssuch as development of imposex in aquatic non-target organisms. Imposex is the impositionof male sexual characteristics on mainly female marine snails and occurs due to exposure toTributyltin (TBT).

Transdermal drug delivery, besides painfulinjections with syringes, has long been associatedwith small size particle pharmaceuticals, which candiffuse through the skin. This method of drugadministration has only been applicable on a smallnumber of drugs, where active molecules are smalland delivery time should or can be long.Other drug delivery options are oral administrationand injection with hypodermic needles (ordinaryhospital syringes). In oral administration thestomach and liver tend to dissolve the drug and theeffect becomes more difficult to anticipate, anddrug delivery rates difficult to control. Hypodermicneedles are used as a mean of drug injectiondirectly into the bloodstream. This method ispainful and risks infection due to tissue damageand skin penetration.One way to get a painless non-damaging techniquewith high delivery rate that still can delivery largemolecules is to manufacture an array of microscopichollow needles and equip them with a pumping unitthat delivers the correct amount of drugs.This thesis shows the technique and possibility ofmanufacture micromachined needles using low costtechniques of Ion Track Technology (radiation ofheavy ions creates porous materials), electrolessdeposition (non-current activated wet chemistrymethod of depositing metal) and electroplating.

Until the 1st of January 2003 there were thirteen processed meat products provided with name protection in Sweden. These products had to contain a certain amount of meat and/or a certain amount of fat to be allowed to carry a recognized name. Among these thirteen products, one could find, for example, meat balls (köttbullar), liver pâté (leverpastej), and Falun sausage (Falukorv). While imports of these products started to increase, the system with name protection lost its ability to guarantee a certain quality for all products sold in Sweden and the legislation was removed on December 31st 2002. At the same time, a common definition of meat was adopted in the European Union.

The present study discusses the metabolism of ethanol in the human body from the ingestion of ethanol to the excretion of its break down products water and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is a small molecule, soluble in water as well as in organic solutions. It is quickly distributed to every section in the body, where it exerts a direct toxic effect on the cells. Ethanol cannot directly leave the body efficiently so it needs other metabolic pathways. The molecule is metabolized by oxidation, predominately in the liver.

Camelids, especially alpacas, have increased in popularity during the last decade, with the result that they are more frequently encountered by field practicing veterinarians and pathologists. Knowledge regarding their health care and their diseases under Swedish conditions is, however, limited. This became clear in a postal survey among Swedish alpaca owners conducted in 2008. To improve knowledge about camelids in Sweden, this study has examined 107 necropsies, including 93 alpacas and 14 camels, conducted at the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) in Uppsala and at Eurofins in Kristianstad and Skara during the period 2001-2013. The study has shown that camelids in Sweden suffer from diseases similar to those previously reported in other countries in Europe and North America.

In studies of serum, in the early 1930s, from patients with pneumonia, a factor was found. It could agglutinate certain pneumococcal species. This factor, which later became known as C-reactive protein (CRP), increased sharply during the early and middle stages of the disease. CRP was identified as an acute phase protein and found especially in bacterial infections. CRP is synthesized in the liver by stimulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is produced by the monocytes, and consists of five non-covalently bound subunits.The aim of this study was to compare two different analytical instruments (Vitros 5.1 FS Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics and QuikRead CRP Orion Diagnostica) for CRP analysis.

Uganda anses vara ett högriskland för utveckling av nya plötsligt uppdykande sjukdomar (emerging infectious diseases, EID). Grisproduktionen i Uganda har ökat drastiskt de senaste åren och en stor del av Ugandas grisar är frigående. De kan därför lätt komma i kontakt med vilda djur i deras närområde. Porcint circovirus 2 (PCV2) är ett ubikvitärt virus och etiologiskt agens för bland annat porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Förutom att infektera tamgrisar över hela världen så har PCV2 också visats kunna infektera vildsvin.