Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases, causing an ascending paralysis that usually kills the patient within a few years from disease onset. The motor neurons show aggregates of proteins which in approximately 20 % of cases of the familial form contain mutated SOD1 protein. Trehalose is a disaccharide which has been shown to reduce protein aggregation and increase viability in cell models and alleviate symptoms in animal models of several neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation. When given orally to the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, trehalose failed to slow down the disease progression, which has led to questions about the uptake and distribution of the molecule in this mouse strain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether significant levels of trehalose reach the central nervous system of the SOD1G93A mouse after oral administration. This was performed by a trehalose assay of the brain of trehalose treated animals. A glucose assay was optimised for use in small samples of brain lysate after the digestion of trehalose into glucose by trehalase, and the difference in glucose concentration before and after digestion represented the trehalose level.

Bakgrund: Undernäring är vanligt förekommande inom den svenska vården. Att upprätthålla en god nutritionsstatus och att få i sig tillräckligt med protein är av stor betydelse för en patients tillfrisknande. Vid sjukdom är det vanligt att aptiten minskar och att den sjuke drabbas av illamående, trötthet och smärta och därför inte vill eller orkar äta tillräckligt stora portioner med mat. Ett sätt att hjälpa svårt sjuka patienter att få i sig tillräckligt med energi är att servera en så kallad E-kost: protein- och energirik kost. E-kosten består av mer energität mat och därav mindre portioner samt en hög andel protein.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att utveckla menyn för E-kost till en flerrättersmeny på ett utvalt lasarett samt att utvärdera densamma med hjälp av enkätundersökningar.Metod: En meny togs fram där lunch och middag bestod av fyra små rätter.

Background: Elderly people with visual impairment increases in the society. To measure vision with visual acuity charts doesn?t indicate how patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) experience their disease. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe patients? experiences of living with age-related macular degeneration.

Syfte: Syftet med den h?r systematiska litteratur?versikten ?r att unders?ka det vetenskapliga underlaget f?r mykoproteins effekt p? postprandiellt blodglukos j?mf?rt med motsvarande m?ngd animaliskt protein hos friska vuxna. Metod: Den systematiska litteraturs?kningen till ?versiktsartikeln genomf?rdes i databaserna PubMed och Scopus. Efter litteraturs?kningen granskades samtliga artiklars titel och abstract f?r att bed?ma relevans. D?refter l?stes artiklar i fulltext och exkluderades om de inte uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna. Inklusionskriterier var friska vuxna ?ver 18 ?r och utfallsm?ttet skulle vara postprandiellt blodglukos m?tt som AUC/iAUC, efter intag av mykoprotein j?mf?rt med motsvarande m?ngd animaliskt protein.

Vallfodret utgör basen i idisslarens foderstat. Innehåll av råprotein är relativt högt i vallfodret men idisslaren har svårt att till fullo utnyttja det. Idisslarens proteintillförsel består av mikrobprotein som syntetiserats i vommen och foderprotein som passerat onedbrutet genom vommen. Den sistnämnda proteinkällan är speciellt viktig för högavkastande djur. Problemet med vallfodret är att det innehåller en betydande andel råprotein som lätt fermenteras i vommen.

Eftersom vi i Sverige har svårt att näringsförsörja våra kor med inhemskt odlat protein är det intressant att utnyttja råproteinet i vallfodret så effektivt som möjligt. Denna litteraturstudie gör vi för att påvisa möjligheten för lantbrukare att påverka kons utnyttjande av proteinet i vallfodret. Det Nordiska fodervärderingssystemet NorFor delar in fodret i åtta fraktioner, vilka sedan delas upp i olika underfraktioner. De åtta olika fraktionerna är; aska, NDF, stärkelse, socker, råfett, råprotein, fermentationsprodukter och restfraktioner. Många av dessa fraktioner används av de mikroorganismer (mikrober) som lever i vommen på idisslare, så att de kan föröka sig. Mikroberna förs kontinuerligt ut från vommen och vidare genom matsmältningskanalen, för att brytas ned och komma kon tillgodo som aminosyror absorberade i tunntarmen (AAT).

Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) is a marketing activity that has grown popular in the USA and studies have been carried out that explore how American consumers perceive and react to CRM. In Sweden, however, CRM has not yet found ground to any greater extent, and therefore there is limited research on how Swedish consumers react to CRM and how they perceive it. In this study, eight Swedish consumers are interviewed regarding their perception of CRM. The main findings of the investigation are that Swedish consumers fit well into a model that is based on American consumers? responses to CRM.

In studies of serum, in the early 1930s, from patients with pneumonia, a factor was found. It could agglutinate certain pneumococcal species. This factor, which later became known as C-reactive protein (CRP), increased sharply during the early and middle stages of the disease. CRP was identified as an acute phase protein and found especially in bacterial infections. CRP is synthesized in the liver by stimulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is produced by the monocytes, and consists of five non-covalently bound subunits.The aim of this study was to compare two different analytical instruments (Vitros 5.1 FS Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics and QuikRead CRP Orion Diagnostica) for CRP analysis.

Today most dosages used in horse medicine are based on studies in adult horses. Since there are differences between adult and neonatal horses with respect to different pharmacological parameters this can cause problems when administring drugs to neonatal foals. Neonatal sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in foals and aggressive antibiotic treatment is needed immediately when sepsis is suspected. In Sweden the combination of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine and bensylpenicillin is often used as the initial treatment. When administering drugs, interactions can occur between the drugs and endogenous substances.

Svenska mjölkgetter hålls vanligen för ostproduktion, där ostarna oftast tillverkas i egna gårdsmejerier. Det finns idag en växande marknad för getost i Sverige och efterfrågan på lokalproducerade livsmedel har ökat, vilket innebär att den svenska getnäringen har en betydande roll inom ramen för miljö och närproducerande livsmedel. Vid osttillverkning är mjölkens sammansättning (fett, protein och kasein) av stor betydelse för ostutbyte och kvalité på produkterna. Information om mjölkens kaseinsammansättning från svenska mjölkgetsbesättningar saknas i nuläget och regelbundna mjölkanalyser av fett, protein och laktos är bristfällig. Huvudsyftet var att genom gårdsbesök på ett antal svenska getgårdar undersöka om det var möjligt att analysera mjölkens innehåll av kasein, fett, protein och laktos på gårdsnivå med hjälp av en mobil infraröd spektrometri-metod (IR).

Water is an important food and an important natural resource. In order to protect these are the Environmental Code and the EU directive given to water protection and related water protection regulations will be established for all water sources until 2010. Those who will prepare a water protection and related water protection regulations is the municipality or person responsible for water supply. The person then decides and declares the area as water protection and related water protection regulations are municipal or provincial government. The idea of creating a water protection is to protect the water supply and the body of water against pollution caused by point sources, diffuse sources and accidents combined.

In Sweden regulations stipulates that dairy cows are kept on pasture, or given the opportunity to spend time outside during a coherent period of between two to four months, depending on region. The transition out to pasture is a big change from the winter period in the stable, especially for the modern high yielding dairy cows. The let out to pasture includes a change in feed, environment, and new routines. There are indications that the milk somatic cell count (SCC) rises in a peak shortly after the let out. The purpose of this study was to see if peaks in the SCC could be observed after the let out, and to study the contribution of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) and if the milk composition are affected. The study included 35 cows that were kept in stable during the winter.

Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska litteratur?versikt var att unders?ka det vetenskapliga underlaget f?r att ett tillskott av krillolja har en effekt p? inflammation hos vuxna personer. Metod: Litteraturs?kningen genomf?rdes i databaserna Scopus och PubMed. Artiklar som inkluderades var randomiserade kontrollerade humanstudier (RCT) utf?rda p? vuxna individer. Interventionsgruppen intog ett tillskott av krillolja och kontrollgruppen ett tillskott av vegetabilisk olja.

The purpose of this study was to examine the routines of performance related pay systems in two Swedish municipal upper secondary schools. A second purpose was to examine what data was included for evaluation of a co-worker?s performance and how a principal collects data. The purpose was also to examine a principal and teachers´ view of performance related pay systems and if it was possible to note an agreement. Principals have been interviewed and teachers have answered a questionnaire to fulfil the purposes of this study.The study shows that the municipality had a good routine that included individual discussions with co-workers about their salary and had fixed municipal criteria.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that mainly strikes young people in working age, twice as many women than men falls ill. Approximately 85 % suffers from MS-related fatigue that divides itself from common fatigue in that way that it is persistent and does not disappear in spite of sleep. This fatigue is experienced of many as one of the most difficult symptoms, which has considerable impact on the everyday life. Aim: The aim with the study was to elucidate how MS-related fatigue was experienced by persons with MS. Method: The study has been implemented as a literature study through systematic review of scientific articles.