AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to see if there was any correlation between BMI and chronic pain among participants who underwent a behavioural medicine rehabilitation program at a pain clinic in the central part of Sweden. Method: The study was conducted as a quantitative descriptive study context and has used medical records with documented data from the participants who were part of a pain clinic rehabilitation programs in the years 2004-2005. Altogether there were 76 participants in these years and excluded was nine participants with BMI measurements were not included in the documentation. Main Results: Regarding the relationship between BMI and chronic pain there was no significant relationships. Participants who completed the behavioural medicine rehabilitation program, however, showed a lower value of BMI and the estimated pain in VAS from the first to the third which is the last time of measuring.

Smärta förekommer inom all sjukvård och är ett komplext problem, speciellt inom intensiv- och postoperativ vård då patienten ofta inte själv kan beskriva sin smärta eftersom patienten ofta är medvetslös eller är sederad. För att bedöma smärta finns olika verktyg, men för de som inte själv kan beskriva sin smärta är detta en svårighet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka reliabilitet och validitet på smärtbedömningsformulär inom intensiv- och postoperativ vård. Metoden vi använde oss av var en kvantitativ litteraturstudie för att besvara vårt syfte. Databaser som använts är CINAHL, PubMed och SweMed+, med sökorden nurse*, pain scale, Pain Assessment, pain measurement, questionnaire, postoperative och intenisive care.

Previous studies have shown positive results on the use of music as postoperative pain relief. Quantitative studies have examined the effect of music on rated pain and otherparameters such as anxiety, relaxation and blood-pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expectations and experiences of patients and nurses onimplementing music as postoperative pain relief in an orthopedic unitQualitative design and semi-structured interviews were used to examine expectations and experiences. Five patients and five nurses in the unit were interviewed.Four themes developed during the data-analysis. These themes were ?Expectations on music as postoperative pain relief?, ?Experiences of music as postoperative pain relief?,?Effects of music as postoperative pain relief? and ?Continued implementation of musicas postoperative pain relief?.

Många äldre lider av långvarig smärta och får inte alltid den hjälp de behöver. Ökad kunskap inom området behövs då antalet äldre kommer att öka. Att utvärdera och lindra smärta hos äldre utgör en viktig del av sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde. Genomförd studie syftar till att undersöka vilka kunskaper som finns om utvärdering och lindring av smärta riktad till äldre boende i kommunen. Genom litteraturöversikt av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar redovisas resultatet i fyra teman: sjuksköterskans utvärdering av smärta, vårdtagarens utvärdering av smärta, sjuksköterskans lindring av smärta och vårdtagarens lindring av smärta.

Featured adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in women with breast cancer can lead to pain. The aim of this study was to explore, the variety of perceptions and impact of adjuvantchemotherapy-induced pain in daily life, of some women newly diagnosed with breast cancer.Inclusion criteria were participating in an ongoing stress management projectand chemotherapy of (anthracycline/taxan) in doses of 75mg² or more. Exclusioncriteria were inability to understand and communicate in Swedish and mentalillness. After ethical approval of the sub study in September 2010, women wereconsecutively included through oral and written request. Phenomenologicalapproach was used in the eight interviews and data analysis.

Pain and pain treatment constitute a huge part of the general nurses work. For that reason the nurse is required to have great knowledge about this area. The fact that our society is getting more multicultural increase the nurses demands even more, to understand and treat pain in patients of foreign cultural background. The aim of this literature review is to examine which culturally learned and trans-ferred valuations, norms and approaches that appear related to physical pain. The aim is also to examine the most appropriate ways for the nurse to show respect and to get more information about this cultural experience in the encounter with the patient.

Previous studies have shown positive results on the use of music as postoperative pain relief. Quantitative studies have examined the effect of music on rated pain and otherparameters such as anxiety, relaxation and blood-pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expectations and experiences of patients and nurses onimplementing music as postoperative pain relief in an orthopedic unitQualitative design and semi-structured interviews were used to examine expectations and experiences. Five patients and five nurses in the unit were interviewed.Four themes developed during the data-analysis. These themes were ?Expectations on music as postoperative pain relief?, ?Experiences of music as postoperative pain relief?,?Effects of music as postoperative pain relief? and ?Continued implementation of musicas postoperative pain relief?.

Assessment of the level of the pupils´ knowledge and understanding are important parts of teaching. There are diverse ways to do this and many different tools to use.The purpose of this study is to explore, through qualitative interviews, how five teachers work with assessment. The focus lies on both how they work with assessment in general and how they use the assessment tools called »LUS» and »Nya språket lyfter!». The pupils´ participation in their own education is an important part of the Swedish curriculum, which is why the study also focuses on how the informants work to enable the pupils´ participation in the assessment and in their education.The informants all think that both assessment and the pupils´ participation in the assessment are important, since teaching is easier when the pupils are aware of what they need to know and learn. Many of the informants express that time is an issue when it comes to making the assessment trustworthy.

We have made a litterature study about pain in animals. In this studie we have brought up areas like sign of pains in animals, pain relief and the care perspective. Pain is perceived when body tissue is damaged or nearly damaged by stimuli. Nociceptors, which are receptors placed at nerve endings, responds to a provocation of pain and transmit an impulse along the nerve to the brain via the spinal cord. Pain is urgent or chronic, and can be divided into nociceptive pain (somatic pain and visceral pain) and neuropathic pain. Different pain mechanisms can arise, such as referred pain, which is when signals of pain are referred to other parts of the body.

AimThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is scientific evidence that exercise and/or manual therapy can improve function, in terms of increased mobility and strength on shoulder impingement-like symptoms among athletes. Another aim is to investigate whether these interventions can reduce shoulder pain.MethodA systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro and Amed. A total of thirteen articles were selected for further review and compilation. They were then graded for level of evidence according to the PEDro scale and the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment (SBU).ResultsThe systematic review shows that there is strong scientific evidence that acupuncture and heat can reduce pain in athletes diagnosed with supraspinatus-tendiopathy. There is limited scientific evidence that exercise increases strength, limited scientific evidence that stretching increases mobility and insufficient scientific evidence that a combination of treatments, with both exercise and stretching, reduces pain and increases function in overhead athletes.ConclusionsExercise and manual therapy can reduce pain and/or improve function in terms of increased mobility and strength in athletes with shoulder impingement-like symptoms.

Background: Many women experience high levels of pain after caesarean birth. Adequate postoperative pain treatment is important for the mother to be able to breastfeed, take care of the infant and experience a positive birth. Objective: The overall aim is to study women?s experience of postoperative pain and pain relief after caesarean birth. Method: A quantitative retrospective survey.

BACKGROUND: There is a high incidence of pain amongst older people. Several studies have shown that between 50 to 80 % of older people, who require domestic care or live in care homes, suffer from pain. Despite this many older people are under treated. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore what care providers perceive to be obstacles and opportunities of managing pain in older people. METHOD: A qualitative approach was used and the date was semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions.

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa metoder som vårdpersonal kan använda sig av för att bedöma smärta hos personer med demens och vilka konsekvenser som detta medför. En litteraturstudie gjordes där 16 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades. Resultatet visade att det finns smärtbedömningsinstrument tillgängliga som kan identifiera smärta hos personer med demens som inte själva verbalt kan beskriva sin smärta. Instrumenten innehöll beskrivningar av beteenden som kunde vara tecken på smärta. En del instrument innehöll förslag till interventioner som kunde utföras och utvärderas.

The purpose of the study was based on scientific literature to describe the quality of life of persons who have undergone a total hip replacement. The method was a descriptive literature review. The results showed that pain was the most obvious change after surgery. Mild pain before surgery was strongly associated with mild pain after surgery. But despite less pain were experienced early, it took 1 year to achieve the full benefits of improved physical function.

The porpuse of this paper is to find out how three teachers working in years four to six in a Swedish school say they use formative assessment and how they use it in educational practice, and if there is a difference in the use of formative assessment between year four, five and six. Formative assessment is the kind of assessment that aims to enhance the student?s learning, as opposed to summative assessment wich is intended only to summarize student?s accomplishments. To answer the purpose, I conducted qualitative interviews with the teachers, and observations in each of the teachers? classrooms.