Control of a diesel engine equipped with Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) requires a multivariable control method. One problem is that the engine system is non-linear. Furthermore there are strong cross-connections between inputs and outputs and the inputs have alsoboundaries. To be able to manage these control problems, MPC has been used that is a multivariable method. The MPC-controller consists of an optimization problem and therefore MPC can find the optimum control signals in an easy way.

Intern kontroll handlar om att ha verksamhetens riskområden under kontroll. Brister i intern kontroll kan leda till ett ineffektivt arbete och riskera att utsätta verksamheten och därmed dess aktieägare för risk. När Svensk Kod för Bolagsstyrning (Koden) infördes i juli 2005 var syftet delvis att ge börsnoterade bolag ett ramverk för hur de ska arbeta med och redovisa sitt arbete med dessa frågor som ett led i att åstadkomma god bolagsstyrning.Uppsatsen undersöker huruvida Koden har förändrat svenska börsnoterade bolags arbete med intern kontroll samt den betydelse förändringen, ur ett investeringsperspektiv, har för aktieägarna.Agentteorin utgör en grundläggande del av uppsatsens teoretiska ram genom att beskriva relationerna mellan och drivkrafterna bakom de studerade aktörerna, aktieägarna och styrelsen. En täckande schematisk modell av agentteorin saknas i befintlig akademisk litteratur. Uppsatsens författare har därför utformat en sådan modell, som presenteras och utgör stommen i uppsatsens analysmodell.Nio stycken intervjuer med revisorer och ansvariga för intern kontroll på svenska börsnoterade bolag genomfördes.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the theoretical developments on social entrepreneurship. Our purpose is to create a better understanding of the phenomenon leading to new insights. We have categorized the knowledge of the concept into social economy, social ownership, social innovation and social missions. Drawing from our theoretical review we have chosen four empirical illustrations, Grameen Bank, Wikipedia, Basta Arbetskooperativ, Jörn Hälsogemenskap, and we have shown how these fit into the general description of the social entrepreneur. With help of our illustrations we show that it is complicated to pin point the core of social entrepreneurship as they each have separate structures, innovations, social missions and operate close to different sectors.

Organizations that want to maintain a good innovation capability can seek knowledge both within and outside its boundaries. Opening up innovation processes, through so-called open innovation, allows organizations to combine internal and external knowledge sources in order to include previously excluded perspectives to the innovation process. This study examines how knowledge is created and transferred when conducting open innovation through crowdsourcing. It is done based on Nonaka?s (1991; 1994) theory of how knowledge is created through conversion processes, where implicit knowledge can be converted into explicit knowledge and vice versa.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the Swedish relations to Nato and by doing so see on what terms the cooperation is executed and why. However, Sweden is not a member of Nato and is thereby not seen as an ally of the organization but even so Sweden has a close cooperation with Nato. The theories used in this essay is The Rational Actor Model and The Organizational Behaviour Model by Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow. To this a number of additional theorises are used as to complement these two main theories. The aim with these theories is to see which one gives the most satisfying explanation of the Swedish strategy to cooperate with Nato and still not be a member of the alliance or if all theorises are needed.

My aim is to provide knowledge about ways of understanding Intranet as a communication artifact. Today organizations plan to update their technology so as to make the communicative functions of Web 2.0 come true. With this objective in mind organizations will be prepared to meet social demands among staff. After interviewing intranet managers I have compiled qualitative data in categories. My approach is influenced by a phenomenographic approach.

Open source is growing outside the boundaries of hackers, amateurs and software development, creating a humongous potential in many different areas and aspects of society. The intrinsic and extrinsic motivations that drives open source have been in the subject of much research recently, but how they affect each other when paid and unpaid contributors come together is still hidden in obscurity. In this study I investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation correlates with each other and how those correlations affect paid and unpaid open source software contributors. The literature synthesis is based on of systematic reviews through searches in library databases, identification of articles by searching on the Internet and by reading relevant books. My results indicate that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations continuously affect each other and that paid contributors are more vulnerable since their extrinsic motivation in terms of money is reached only when many other motivations are fulfilled.

During Sweden's economic crisis in the early 1990s a governmental committe of prominent economic and political experts were gathered to produce an analysis of and suggestions to the solution of that crisis. The committe produced a report that became widely commented in the media and in parliment. The report anc the reception of it gives us insights in how the boundaries between social science and politics are created an how new fields of expertise is added to a science. This thesis uses a constructivist approach to explore how the techniques of the economic science were made into credible means of knowöedge production outside of the field where it traditionally holds epistemological authority. Working from the assumption that language does things to the objects that it describes I claim that the episode investigated in this thesis was shaped by the committee's ability to define the economic crissi and thus making it into a knowable object.

Företag möter idag allt hårdare konkurrens, detta leder till att företag i allt högre grad samarbetar med aktörer i leverantörskedjan för att uppnå kostnadsreducering. I detta sammanhang benämns Open Book Accounting som ett användbart verktyg för att uppnå kostnadseffektivitet i leverantörskedjan. Tekniken bygger på den enkla logiken att ett eller båda företagen i enrelation ?öppnar upp sina redovisningsböcker? och avslöjar intern finansiell information som tidigare hållits hemligt inom organisationens gränser, exempelvis kostnader för produkter eller processer. Genom denna öppenhet kan företagen reducera kostnader och utveckla varandras verksamheter.

Sara Lidman?s second novel Hjortronlandet (1955) unfolds in the north of Sweden in the early 20th century. It describes the progress of modernity and the conflicting interests of an old local culture and a new more ?civilised? one. The two cultures are constituted by different value systems and in the novel they are represented by two neighbour communities.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om hög respektive låg Generell Arbetsrelaterad Identitet (AI) hade effekter på Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Totalt 147 personer inom offentlig sektor, fördelade över två organisationer, deltog i en enkätundersökning om identitet och frivilligt organisationsbeteende.Resultatet visade på signifikanta effekter för hög och låg AI på OCB, associerat med fyra av de fem deldimensionerna av OCB (altruism, samvetsgrannhet, hövlighet, och delaktighet). Försöksdeltagare med hög jämfört med låg AI skattade OCB högre (p < .01, ?2= .16). Generellt indikerar resultatet att organisationer potentiellt kan öka anställdas OCB genom att främja AI. .

In the democratic process, of discussion and decision making, there is a need of reliable and authentic information. Archives are authentic and reliable information and also provides long term accessibility. But the public archives potential isn´t utilized enough at a societal level. The public archives are organized in a decentralised manner, and there are no common accesspoint at a national level. In the thesis this issue of accessibility and use at a societal level, is discussed in terms of collective memory.

Svenska Försvarsmaktens omstrukturerig har inneburit att underhålls- ochstödorganisationen har fått ny struktur och förändrade uppgifter med ett tydligt krav påfredsrationalitet.Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta fram en tydligare bild av dagens situation förMarkverkstäderna kopplat till deras roll i och/eller för Insatsorganisationen.Studien är framtidsinriktad, med kvalitativ metod och empiriskt genomförd i form avintervjuer och litteraturstudier. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är den rationalistiskaorganisationsteorin och en egenutvecklad teorimodell.Resultatet visar att dagens resurser i Grundorganisationen inte räcker till för att klara avde behov som Insatsorganisationen har eller förväntas att komma med. Samt att ingaåtgärder är vidtagna för att lösa bristen..

Time changes, so also in sport. The small venues become larger and more modernized. As stadiums grows, so also does sponsorship and its popularity, around them. Is it enough as a sponsor only to expose yourself these days, or does the new times require more creativity to stand out from all the media?This work is done for Stadium AB in Norrköping, and treats questions such as; what type of sposnorcummunication that is proper to use around the soccer stadium, and if it is possible for new ideas in the future when Stadium is hosting a game? To answer these questions theory has been read about sponsorship and data has been gathered through qualitative interviewswith soccer clubs and sponsorship consultants.The work result shows that there are some general rules that the company should follow tosucceess when hosting a game.

The purpose of this thesis has been to explore in what ways Franz Kafka?s ?The Metamorphosis? can be read as a story of gender. By bringing together Judith Butler?s theory of materialization and Lennard J. Davis?s crip theory I have spoken of Dismodernity as the domain of abject bodies that have been repudiated by (post)modern societies as untintelligible and dysfunctional.