Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularaemia, is highly contagious and potentially fatal for a wide range of wildlife species of the northern hemisphere, also humans. Although recognized as a pathogen for over 100 years, much still remains to be elucidated concerning the ecology and transmission of the bacterium, hence this literature overview aims at compiling data regarding the aquatic association and the role of mosquitoes in transmission of Francisella tularensis subspecies holartica, the sole subspecies in Sweden. While a linkage between the bacterium and natural waters stands beyond dispute, there is no consensus in the literature concerning its potential as a reservoir. However, two prevailing theories can be distinguished; one proposes the water association being mammaldependent and thus merely the result of contamination from semi-aquatic mammals living in close vicinity to the water source. The other, quite contrary, suggests mammal-independence and hence that water, possibly in association with protozoa, serves as an environmental reservoir for the bacterium.

Introduction: A job interview is for both the candidate and the company involved, an importantsituation. It might be tempting for the candidate to adjust the answers to the job in question or what heor she thinks the recruiter wants to hear. This behaviour is a part of what socialpsychology would callimpression management. This term means that you try to control the impressions you send out andaccordingly adjust your behaviour for the current situation.Purpose: Candidates usage of impression management is a widely debated subject where theresearch mainly has focused on the candidates, their strategies and the efficiency of impressionmanagement. Our purpose with this thesis is therefore to see how recruiters experience candidatesimpression management in a job interview, how they handle it and what level of acceptance they havefor it.Theoretical perspectives: The theories and previous research used as models for explanation andbasis for discussion is mainly Erving Goffman´s (1974) dramaturgical perspective and thoughts aboutimpression management and Mark R Leary´s (1995) theories concerning impression managementtactics.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases, causing an ascending paralysis that usually kills the patient within a few years from disease onset. The motor neurons show aggregates of proteins which in approximately 20 % of cases of the familial form contain mutated SOD1 protein. Trehalose is a disaccharide which has been shown to reduce protein aggregation and increase viability in cell models and alleviate symptoms in animal models of several neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation. When given orally to the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, trehalose failed to slow down the disease progression, which has led to questions about the uptake and distribution of the molecule in this mouse strain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether significant levels of trehalose reach the central nervous system of the SOD1G93A mouse after oral administration. This was performed by a trehalose assay of the brain of trehalose treated animals. A glucose assay was optimised for use in small samples of brain lysate after the digestion of trehalose into glucose by trehalase, and the difference in glucose concentration before and after digestion represented the trehalose level.

Knäskador inom fotbollen är tre till fem gånger vanligare hos flickor än pojkar i ung ålder. Genom att träna balans, benstyrka, bålstabilitet och koordination kan knäkontrollen öka. Svenska fotbollsförbundet har utvecklat ett träningsprogram i syfte att förebygga skador, ?Knäkontroll, förebygg skador ? prestera bättre?. Det finns olika sätt att utvärdera knäkontroll, ?Hop for distance?, ?Square hop? och ?Side hop? är hopptester som kan användas.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur fältsekreterare arbetar med och uppfattar det förebyggande arbetet med ungdomar. Studien har utformats som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sju fältsekreterare från två olika kommuner deltagit. Intervjuerna utgick från en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av meningskoncentrering och tematisering. Studien har utgått från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.

Uppsatsen undersöker behandlingsmöjligheter inom vuxenpsykiatrin för personer med sexuella avvikelser utifrån att denna grupp antas vara i hög grad stigmatiserade och därför drabbas av strukturell diskriminering. Detta skulle i så fall innebära att denna patientgrupp inte prioriteras vid fördelningen av resurser inom hälso- och sjukvården.Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en kartläggning av vuxenpsykiatriska verksamheter, där 58 verksamhetschefer tillhandahållit information gällande resurser att behandla patienter med sexuella avvikelser. Undersökningsdesignen syftade till att täcka in samtliga vuxenpsykiatriska mottagningar i Sverige.Resultatet visar att ungefär hälften av verksamheterna har erfarenhet och/eller kompetens av att behandla patientgruppen. Det stora flertalet verksamheter (72 procent) saknar personal med kompetens inom klinisk sexologi. Endast åtta verksamheter bedömdes erbjuda behandling av hög kvalitet utifrån att de både hade erfarenhet och självskattad kompetens samt personal med kompetens klinisk sexologi.

Syftet för denna studie var att granska det fallpreventiva arbetet inom samtliga särskilda bo-enden för äldre, i Umeå kommun. Data insamlades primärt via enkäter vilka besvarades av undersköterskor (n 118, 85 % svarsfrekvens). Enkätsvaren kompletterades med en muntlig fråga som enhetschefen för respektive boende besvarade via telefon.Resultatet visade att 76 % av respondenterna ansåg att enheten bedrev ett organiserat fallpre-ventivt arbete. Inom de granskade enheterna var Individuell Vård- Omsorg och rehabiliter-ingsplanering (Ivor) ett viktigt forum för fallpreventiva diskussioner. Mötesfrekvensen var vanligtvis glesare än en gång per månad.

The focus of this project was to characterize the occurrence of ESBL-­?producing bacteria in two irrigation water ponds in Southern Sweden. Samples were taken from two ponds nearby each other, from which analyses were made based on levels of community and individual isolates. Community samples were used for attempts for characterization of resistance patterns in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade. in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade..

The artic fox is under threat of extermination in Europe. The population decreased strongly at the beginning of the twentieth century because of intensive hunting. The artic fox was placed under protection by law 1928 in Sweden but despite this the population has had difficultly to recover. This can depend on several reasons, but the main threats are shortage of food and competition from the red fox. Along with Norway and Finland, Sweden has carried out a project called SEFALO (Saving the Endangered Fennoscandian Alopex lagopus), whose objectives were to prevent continued decreased populationnumbers and through, for example supplementary feeding, help the population to recover.

Introduktion och bakgrund: Methicillinresistenta staphylokockus aureus finns över hela världen och sprids på både sjukhus och i samhället. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom hälso- och sjukvård bör vara medvetna om att det förekommer multiresistenta bakterier och ska därför arbeta preventivt mot smittspridning. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteratur studie var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter att arbeta preventivt mot MRSA-smittspridning i sjukhusmiljö. Metod: Litteraturöversikten hade sin utgångspunkt från det valda ämnesområdet. Artikelsökningarna genomfördes i vedertagna databaser som till exempel PubMed och Cinahl.

Introduktion: Det är allmänt känt att övervikt och fetma är ett stort samhällsproblem. Högt blodtryck, diabetes och hjärt- och kärlsjukdom samt en försämrad livskvalitet är följder som övervikt och fetma kan leda till. Övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdomar gör att risken för diskriminering eller mobbing ökar. Fetma i barndomen är svårbehandlad och ökar risken för att utveckla bestående fetma. För att förhindra utvecklingen av övervikt och fetma är det av stor vikt att insatserna startar tidigt.

Den rådande diskursen kring tidigt uppvisat normbrytande beteende som ökad risk för fortsatt antisocialt beteende i vuxen ålder, öppnar för en viktig diskussion gällande brottsprevention - vart ska fokus för brottsprevention ligga? Fokus i denna studie ligger vid just interventioner mot normbrytande beteende på förskolenivå för att avvärja eventuell utveckling av antisocialt beteende senare i livet. Studien syftar till att presentera tidigare social preventiva projekt som utförts på förskolenivå, utvärdera dessa projekt för att generera kunskap kring vilka de väsentliga delarna i ett dylikt projekt är samt presentera hur ett socialt brottspreventivt projekt på förskolenivå bör utformas framöver. Genom en litteraturöversikt av tidigare projekt som utförts på förskolenivå resulterar denna studie i tre huvudsakliga tabeller innehållandes ålder på interventionssubjekten, programmets intensitet, riktning och typ av intervention samt huvudsakliga resultat. Studien påvisar vikten av tidig intervention, redan på förskolenivå.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Trots åtgärder för att minska trycksår i vården är det många sjukhus i Sverige som har hög förekomst av trycksår. Patientdelaktighet i vården är viktigt för att öka patientsäkerheten. Det saknas forskning om patientdelaktighet i det förebyggande arbetet om trycksår. Syfte Att utvärdera en skriftlig patientinformation om förebyggande av trycksår. Metod En deskriptiv, komparativ interventionsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Det finns idag cirka 300 000 personer med diabetes i Sverige. Varje år insjuknar cirka 200 vuxna av 100 000 vuxna i diabetes. Diabetes är en allvarlig sjukdom och medför en förkortad livslängd på grund av sjukdomen. Motion har vistats medföra positiva effekter och göra att personer med diabetes mår bättre då motion ger bättre balans i blodsockret. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att vinna mer kunskap om behovet av information om vikten av fysisk aktivitet riktat till diabetiker samt att vinna mer kunskap om behovet av åtgärder för att främja fysisk aktivitet.