The last few decades the development in the field of electronics has been huge. The components performance gets better at the same time as the manufacturing cost decreases. Many of the design moments that have to be done, are done automatically today, but it can get better. Especially for analog circuit design.At Electronic System in Linköpings universitet, research is in progress to develop a tool that can design analog circuits in reasonable time. It means that it has to size the components (transistors, resistances, capacitances etc), so that the circuit can fulfill the performance requirements.

Uppsats behandlar företags kapitalstruktur d v s fördelning mellan främmande och eget kapital. Det finns teorier kring ämnet som menar att ett företags värde påverkas av sammansättningen mellan skulder och eget kapital. Detta föranledde vår problemformulering om att närbesläktade verksamheter uppvisar en likartad skuldsättning. Syftet var att jämföra skuldsätt-ningsgraden mellan kapitalintensiva branscher och kapitaltunna branscher. Utifrån detta ställdes vår hypotes upp om att kapitalkrävande branscherna fastighet och tunga maskiner har en högre skuldsättningsgrad än branscherna läkemedel och tjänster.

Problem formulation: This paper will examine how the capital structure of firms affects their market valuation by applying the Modigliani-Miller theory on Swedish listed companies in a boom and a recession. The study will examine whether it is possible to draw any conclusions as to whether companies with high debt to equity ratios are valued lower in a recession, in comparison to companies with low debt to equity ratios.Purpose: To empirically test the Modigliani-Miller theory of capital structure in a boom and a recession in order to see if the companies? market value is affected differently depending on whether they have a high or a low debt to equity ratios.Methodology: The essay has a deductive and a quantitative methodological approach. Data analysis was done through a correlation analysis, a regression analysis and a hypothesis testing.Theory: The Modigliani-Miller theory of capital structure with taxes states that companies with a high debt to equity ratios has a higher value. One of the risks with a high level of debt could be that during a financial downturn companies have more difficulty realizing capital and are thus more likely to go bankrupt.Conclusions: The study shows results that are contrary to the Modigliani-Miller's theory; all the correlation analyses between debt to equity ratios and market value are negative.

Svenska bostadsrättsföreningar hade under december 2011 lån för 329 miljarder kronor. Räntekostnaderna på föreningens lån är sedan 2007 icke-avdragsgilla medan bostadsrättsmedlemmarna har avdragsrätt på sina lån. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att undersöka om det finns dolda vinster att hämta genom att allokera om föreningens lån. Som utgångspunkt för undersökningen används Modigliani-Millers teorem om optimal kapitalstruktur. Genom en loglinjär regressionsanalys undersöks hur olika faktorer påverkar slutpriset på en bostadsrätt och genom en kvalitativ studie fastställs sedan olika intressenters ställningstagande till att föreningen allokerar om lånen.

The purpose with this study is to examine how the twelve-step program is described by the author J Keith Miller (2004) in his book Steg in i livet and by the author Olle Carlsson (2012) in his book 12steg för hopplösa. The aim for the study is to highlight the twelve steps usage on people without addiction problems. In the study, the two author?s thoughts and experience of the twelve-step program is analysed and interpreted by Pargaments (1997) theory of religious coping. The research questions in this study are: 1.

Enlig SCB (2010) så var andelen kvinnliga chefer i Sverige 32 procent år 2008 vilket är en ökning med 6 procentenheter på sju år Mycket av tidigare forskning har handlat om vilka hinder och problem som kvinnliga ledare möter. Denna studie vill däremot förflytta fokus från kvinnors hinder till deras möjligheter. Studiens syfte är att lyfta fram kvinnliga mellanchefers egna berättelser om vad de anser har lett till deras framgång i karriären. En kvalitativ metod användes i form av fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades med hjälp av tematiskanalys. Fyra stycken teman återfanns i materialet och de representerar de framgångsfaktorer som kvinnorna la störst vikt vid.

A trend since the early 90?s has been that some public libraries offer a special shelf containing environmental information to the community, but it seems as though the subject has been overlooked by the literature and the science community. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to study how three independent public libraries work with environmental information that is made available to the community. The following questions were addressed: 1) Which arguments can be found as to why the libraries offer this activity? 2) How does the environmental work at the public libraries look and what does it contain of? 3) Are there any similarities or differences in this work between the three libraries?To answer these questions interviews with librarians were carried out; observations were made to complement the interviews.

Sedan finanskrisen har intresset att bibehålla en stabil finansmarknad stärkts. Desvenska systemviktiga bankerna, Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB och Swedbank, reglerasav kapitalkrav enligt Baselackorden. En av de centrala frågorna har länge varitmöjligheten att ökade kapitalkrav påverkar bankernas totala kapitalkostnad. Intressantär att de svenska storbankerna redan uppfyller kraven på primärkapitalrelationen enligtBaselackorden, och har relationer på 5-10 % över lägsta nivå. Därför är studiensfrågeställning:Hur har ökade krav på primärkapitalrelationen påverkat de fyra svenska storbankernaskapitalkostnad?Utifrån denna frågeställning utgår studien från två huvudsakliga teoretiskautgångspunkter, Modigliani-Miller teorin om kapitalstrukturens irrelevans förkapitalkostnaden samt låg-risk anomalin.

Regulations on the exhaust emissions of HD-diesel engines are becoming more and more stringent, and therefore, emission after-treatment systems are commonly used. These systems rely on catalytic conversion of NOx,CO , and HC emissions, and are thus dependant on temperature. At low load of the engine, exhaust temperatures are not sufficient for the after-treatment components. Therefore, means to increase the exhaust temperature while maintaining low emissions and fuel consumption are needed.The focus of this project has been to develop strategies for the lift profiles of exhaust and intake valves in the engine, with the goal to raise exhaust temperature in combination with low emissions and fuel consumption. The strategies have been tested in a single-cylinder research engine equipped with a hydraulic variable valve actuation system.

Background: During extreme market conditions like the period during fall 2008 the discussion of what affects company value becomes apparent. The capital structure is the relation between borrowed capital and equity in a company´s financing mix. What impact changes in capital structure have on company value is a widely debated subject within the theory of finance. If a relationship between capital structure and company value exists the implication is that an optimal capital structure where company value is maximized also exists.Aim: The aim of the thesis is to study whether a certain relationship between capital structure and company value exists among selected stocks and companies listed on Stockholmsbörsens OMXS30.Implementation: With aim to fulfill the purpose of the thesis regression analysis has been performed among chosen stocks and companies. The empirical results eventuating from this have been analyzed from the view of elected relevant theory.Completion and results: We find that during normal market conditions a positive relationship between debt ratio and enterprise value (EV) can be established.

The aim and goal of this work has been to design and implement a voltage reference network for a 12-bit PSAADC, Parallell Successive Analog to Digital Converter. A chip containing the design has been sent away for fabrication. Because of the long processing time, no measurement data are presented. The main specifications for the voltage reference generator is to generate stable reference voltages with low noise and a good PSRR. Efforts has also been made to minimize the power consumption..

In a time when economic crises relieving one another, it is especially interesting to study how companies choose to finance their operations. Since there is a lack of studies that include banks, and their capital structures, with the rest of the finance market, it is uncertain whether the theories of capital structure are applicable. Therefore, this essay aims to study whether there is any correlation between the two variables debt-equity ratio and return on equity (ROE) for Swedish corporations on the finance market.In accordance with the theorems that the professors Modigliani and Miller filed, in 1958 and 1961, which describes a clear link between debts, increase corporate value through the tax shield and indirectly increased yields. Although these theorems are the foundation of the modern research they focus on perfect markets. Therefore, this paper has also chosen to place great emphasis on theories such as Trade-off and Pecking-order.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how a valuation model of a Private Equity firm is interpreted into a management control system within the company's different organizational levels. A case study was developed based on the infra-net company Eltel. The management control systems developed by Malmi and Brown (2008)(1) was used to characterize the control systems at each organizational level. The building blocks of this system are planning, cybernetic, reward/compensation, administrative and culture. Miller and O'Learys (2007)(2) theory of mediating instruments and technology roadmaps was applied to analyze the mediating process of the valuation model.

Utdelningsnivåer bland företag är något som har fångat ekonomers intressen under en lång tid. Under 1960-talet presenterades irrelevansteorin av Merton Miller och Franco Modigliani. Teorin går ut på att ett företags värde är oberoende av dess utdelningspolicy i en värld utan skatter och transaktionskostnader. Det fortsatta intresset kring ett företags utdelningspolicy har under de senaste fem decennierna resulterat i ett antal nya teorier som i kontrast med Miller & Modigliani menar att ett företags utdelningspolicy kan påverka dess värde under antagandet om icke-perfekta marknader. Dessa teorier har till stor del sin grund i studier som gjorts på utländska bolag.

Funding is essential for companies to function. All companies must relate to the funding issue, whether they are working with it in an active manner or not. Funding can be done in two ways, either through equity or debt and the ratio between these are called capital structure. Already in 1958 Modigliani and Miller concluded that a company?s capital structure does not change the value of the company, thus the company?s debt in relation to equity is irrelevant.