This thesis work is made by Torbjörn Johansson on Karlstad University for Uddeholms AB. The assignment in this thesis work was to investigate tough cutting in three different tool steels: Vanadis 4 Extra, Vancron 40 and Sverker 21. The research was to compare the wear of the tool after cutting in each one of the tool steel alloys. The research was also made to see if the tool cutting in Vancron 40 has a better wear than the tool cutting in Vanadis 4 Extra and also compare the results with Sverker 21. All three of these alloys are a part of Uddeholms AB:s range of products, and is used in applications like forming tools and knife tools. Vancron 40 is a powder steel with a very good combination of mechanical properties like ductility, adhesive strength and hardness.

To have a forest area close to the city is of great importance for the city population?s well being. Children develop their motor skills, concentration and imagina-tion and the adults have a place to shake of the stress from work. Forest areas are used to exercise at, play in and to find a moment of peace and silence. The urban forest and the old farming pastures at Markussonvallen and Per-Isakssonvallen already has natural assets worth to preserve and a great potential to create more. The goal is to develop a forest with a variation of tree species and ground vegetation that will appeal to the human senses and different animal species such as birds, insects etc.

Uppsatsen behandlar konflikten mellan Israel och Palestina ur självmordsterroristers och terroristers synvinkel. Intresset riktas mot förklaringarna bakom självmordsterrorism och terrorism och medias betydelse för de studerade fenomenen uppmärksammas.Uppsatsens syfte är att finna och analysera de förklaringar som finns i vetenskaplig litteratur och i svensk kvällspress till självmordsterrorism och terrorism. Att kortfattat diskutera likheter och skillnader mellan förklaringarna ingår också i uppsatsens syfte.För analysen av de funna förklaringarna både i vetenskaplig litteratur och i svensk kvällspress används artiklar från C. Wright Mills och Marvin B. Scott & Stanford M.

Södra Cell Mörrum is one of the five paper pulp plants that are included in Södra Cell, and the paper pulp that is produced here is not only sold to Swedish paper Mills. Most of the paper pulp is exported to different countries in Europe. In the manufacturing process the plant needs different kind of process water and there are guideline values for how much copper, iron and sodium this water is allowed to contain. Analyzes of this water is in the current situation done with an atomic absorption spectrometric instrument (AAS-instrument) with a flame. Measurements done with flame-AAS of samples that have concentrations near the guideline values for copper, iron and sodium, are not reliable. The reason for not being reliable is that the quantitation limits of these metals are higher than the limit values.

PAPRO operates within the Forest Research company and their mission is to develop value-addingindustry solutions. At present there are no good ways for Mills to easily test the printing quality on newsprintpaper. There is a great need for a fast way to do this on different paper qualities; with a laboratory-offset press this can be both a time and money saving method. At PAPRO Forest Research, NewZealand, a laboratory offset press has been developed and designed, during the past seven years, concerningthis issue. Earlier projects were made concerning the press, e.g.

This thesis work was made for Södra Cell Mörrums bruk in Blekinge. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer model in the simulation program Extend for the removal and balance of organic oxygen consuming substances, measured as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), in the new biological treatment plant in the mill. The plant produces two different pulp products, TCF- (Totally Chlorine Free) pulp and ECF- (Elementary Chlorine Free) pulp, for sale. The different bleaching procedures affect the characteristic of the wastewater and thus the effectiveness of the biological treatment plant.In the model that was developed the COD in the wastewater was divided into five different COD-fractions: soluble easily degradable (SS), soluble hardly degradable (SR), soluble inert (SI), particulate inert (XI) and particulate biomass (XB). To create the model FlowMac? was used as a base.

Holmen Skog, region Norrköping, is located in an area with good potential for backhauling because a large number of geographically scattered Mills. However, despite these factors there are many difficulties preventing the realization of this potential. The purposes of this study were twofold. First, from a hauling contractor perspective, to calculate backhauling profits and suggest a profit sharing scheme. Second, to identify and quantify obstacles and possibilities for realization of backhauls.The study required the use of three different types of methods.

There is an uncertainty in the market for grain forcing the meat/milk producers to review alternative feeds to a larger extent, in order to get control over the feed costs. This has led to that the meat/milk producers need to have a good knowledge regarding how the different feeds influences the animals and which technical equipment to use for handling. For those that produce their own feedmix, there is a need to put interest in new crops and their characteristics to be able to get the knowledge of what is required for their own production. It is beneficial to keep an open dialogue with advisors to be updated in new crops and new technology for feeding. When mixing feed at farm level, the legislation is not very clear since it the target group is large scale mixing plants. We have brought up the most important rules and regulations from the EU parliament Council as well as the ones from the Swedish Board of Agriculture (SJV), regarding feed mixing on farm and factory level. We have studied beans and pea at two different moisture levels, in order to evaluate how the moisture level affects the distribution of particles when milling with a plaitmill and a hammermill.

The current debate about environment and climate change has contributed to more andmore investment in alternative energy sources such as wind, solar and biogas. The Swedish Parliament has set the target that wind power should supply 10 TWh in 2015.In Sweden, wind power establishment began in the early 1980s. Since then the development has gained a tremendous momentum. The purpose of this study was to find out what problems wind power brings and what power relations that exists in connection with wind power establishment and how the landscape is affected by windpower construction, focusing on some cases in Falkenberg and Varberg. This study shows that wind power establishment is a very complicated process.

The negative trend of newspapers reading gives the owner of several paper manufacturingcompanies in the West worries. Producers should be more concern to strengthen their marketpositions in order to maintain profitability in the paper Mills. Holmen Paper is a medium sizedpaper mill company with all of their production in Europe. Sales are mainly made to printingcompanies operating in European countries. In order to strengthen their economic strengthHolmen Paper needs to increase the market share in markets where they have the greatestprofit margins.

This study analyses the economic consequences due to ethanol production in Eastern Sweden. The analyses consider the cooperative and the farmers as one vertically integrated company. The area that found the market in this study is illustrated in figure 1. The analyses assume that all members act jointly with the objective of maximizing joint profits at the farm level as well as at the cooperative firm. A mathematical model is created to calculate the optimal use of arable land.

Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att analysera hur två surdegar, ett surdegspulver, citronsyra, mjölksyra, ättiksyra, amylas, xylanas, kornmaltmjöl, vetemaltmjöl respektive kalciumkarbonat påverkade deg och bröd gjorda på Nord Mills finmalda rågmjöl. Arbetet belyser följaktligen hur rågdegens egenskaper påverkas av de olika tillsatserna och vilken mängd av tillsatserna som ger eftersträvansvärt brödinkråm. Den analyserade mängden av de olika tillsatserna bestämdes utifrån ett rådande uttalande att det krävs 1000 syraenheter per kilo rågmjöl för att bakningskapaciteten ska bli optimal. Tillvägagångssättet innefattade degberedning, viskositetsmätningar, falltalsmätning, bestämning av pH-värde och syratalsmätning, avbakning samt visuell bedömning. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att bröden med surdegspulver, citronsyra respektive mjölksyra i mängder som motsvarade 1000 syraenheter per kilo rågmjöl och ett pH-värde under 5 gav de visuellt bästa brödinkråmen.

Generally, the economic health of Swedish roundwood truck transport companies has not been good. Profitability is important for maintaining the stability in the transport business, which is a condition for long-term transport planning in the forestry sector. The scope of this study was to identify probable factors influencing the profitability of roundwood truck transport companies and quantify the influence of these factors on economic results. The study was carried out at a major roundwood truck transport organisation in mid-Sweden and was implemented in four steps. In the first step economic results from the haulage contractors were collected and a random sample was taken from accounted net margin for the account year 2005/2006. In the second step hauliers were interviewed to identify probable success factors. At the third step data for identified factors were gathered through a questionnaire.

Under tillverkningsprocessen i massa- och pappersindustrin bildas avloppsflöden i flera olika steg. Ett av de miljöbelastande utsläppen utgörs av organiskt material. Organiskt material kan mätas som biokemisk syreförbrukning (BOD), kemisk syreförbrukning (COD) eller som totalt organiskt kol (TOC). Analys av COD inkluderar ofta miljöfarliga ämnen (till exempel kvicksilver). Naturvårdsverket har under flera år aviserat att analysen kan komma att förbjudas och därmed blir analys av TOC allt mer vanligt.

Demokrati som politisk styrelseform har sitt ursprung i antikens Grekland och på den tiden innebar demokrati något helt annat än idag. Idén om det representativa styret kom att växta fram under 1700-talet och denna form av styrelseskick kom sedan i sin tur också att förändras med tiden. De politiska teoretiker som levde under denna tid skrev om olika förutsättningar som behövde vara uppfyllda för att ett slags folkstyre skulle kunna skapas. Några filosofer skrev om en så kallad kontraktsteori, där rationella människor gemensamt beslutade att det enda rättvisa var ett samhälle med lika rättigheter för alla. Utifrån dessa idéer om ett utopiskt statsskick har sedan demokratibegreppet kommit att utvecklas av modernare filosofer som haft andra tankar om ett representativt styre och demokrati är i modern mening ett ungt statsskick.