The different material layers as part of a road construction fill all a function so theroad becomes durable, safe, comfortable and aesthetically pleasing. Recently, anew group of construction materials started to play an important role in roadconstruction ? geosynthetics.This thesis addresses the two most common types ofgeosynthetics used in modern road construction, namely geogrids and geotextiles.The most common use of geogrids is reinforcement of poor subgrade by usinggeogrid soil reinforcement, which occurs when road material particles wedge inthe geogrid?s mesh. Geotextiles act partly as a barrier that prevents the finermaterial in the below ground from being mixed with coarser upper material andalso act as a load spreader.Road contractors often face a choice of whether geogrids and/or geotextiles areappropriate in a particular road project and also how much profit the choice mightbring. This phase in the tender calculation process is the intended scope of thisthesis.The thesis deals with both the "hard" cost-function aspects and the "softer" values e.g.

We have made a litterature study about pain in animals. In this studie we have brought up areas like sign of pains in animals, pain relief and the care perspective. Pain is perceived when body tissue is damaged or nearly damaged by stimuli. Nociceptors, which are receptors placed at nerve endings, responds to a provocation of pain and transmit an impulse along the nerve to the brain via the spinal cord. Pain is urgent or chronic, and can be divided into nociceptive pain (somatic pain and visceral pain) and neuropathic pain. Different pain Mechanisms can arise, such as referred pain, which is when signals of pain are referred to other parts of the body.

AbstractThe assignment were assigned by Camatec Industriteknik AB. Camatec is a Karlstadlocated consulting company, they make everything from pilot studies to complete projects in mechanical design and calculation. They even have their own patented product, Camcoil. It is a winder for steel strips and is used for example with hardening of the steel strip. The assignment has been to solve the problems encountered by some customers within this product.

Herbicide resistance is the result of an evolutionary process where a population gradually changes from being susceptible to being resistant to an herbicide. The resistance Mechanism is usually a change in the biochemistry of the weed, but in some cases changes in morphology or growth rhythm. The change is caused by random mutations. Two resistance Mechanisms are found in black-grass; target site resistance and metabolic resistance.Black-grass is a tufty, winter annual grass weed, which is mainly found in milder climates. Black-grass is a big problem in Southern Europe.

Sarcoid is the most common tumor in horses all over the world. The sarcoid is a benign, locally invasive, usually fibroblastic proliferative skin neoplasm. Even if the etiology is not completley verified, the epidemiology and clinical behavior suggest a infectious intervention, probably BPV type 1 or type 2. However, it is known that the cause is multifactorial. A genetic prepdispositon has been identified associated to genes within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), but also to breed, age and perhaps gender.

Sarcoid is the most common tumor in horses all over the world. The sarcoid is a benign, locally invasive, usually fibroblastic proliferative skin neoplasm. Even if the etiology is not completley verified, the epidemiology and clinical behavior suggest a infectious intervention, probably BPV type 1 or type 2. However, it is known that the cause is multifactorial. A genetic prepdispositon has been identified associated to genes within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), but also to breed, age and perhaps gender.

Abstract This paper discusses protectionism of intellectual property rights in general and the conflict between large pharmaceutical companies? rights to patent and developing countries? rights to cheap generic preparation in particular. The essay focuses above all on HIV/AIDS medicine. The description tries to give an image of the different interests that collide and why they collide. The different actors are above all the pharmaceutical branch, including researchers, inventors and salesmen with their economic interest of revenue, and the population of the development countries and their pressed situation considering the great need of medicine.

IT-system utvecklas idag ofta i globalt distribuerade organisationer. Detta görs för att möta de krav som ställs från omgivningen samt för att finna specialkompetens. En global organisation kan medföra distribuerat arbete, alltså att utvecklingsgrupper sprids över flera platser. Ett problem med detta kan vara att få alla delar av verksamheten att arbeta mot ett gemensamt mål. Koordination ? att hantera beroenden mellan element i komplexa organisationer för att möjliggöra effektivt arbete mot ett gemensamt mål ? blir då en viktig aktivitet.

Metylkvicksilver (MeHg) är en form av tungmetallen kvicksilver och det är den form som är farligast för djur och människor. Det beror på dess organiska egenskaper som gör att det biomagnifieras genom födokedjan, effektivt absorberas från föda, distribueras till många organ, koncentreras i levande organismer, passerar blod-hjärnbarriären och ackumuleras, samt orsakar skador även vid låga doser. Det har neurotoxiska och immunologiska effekter på djur i alla åldrar, men djur i prenatalperioden är känsligast för exponering av MeHg och kan drabbas av utvecklingsstörningar. Effekterna skiljer sig något mellan hanar och honor, men är även individuella. Dessutom skiljer sig tidpunkter för utveckling hos olika djur och organ är olika känsliga.

Mastocytom är den vanligaste typen av kutana tumörer som ses hos hundar, och utgör 7-21 % av hundens alla hudtumörer. Majoriteten av alla mastocytom hos hundar uppstår i dermis eller i subkutan vävnad. Etiologin bakom uppkomsten av kutana mastocytom hos hundar är fortfarande inte helt klarlagd, och den är förmodligen multifaktoriell. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att diskutera olika mekanismer som kan ligga bakom utvecklingen av kutana mastocytom hos hund. Studien tar även upp frågan om det finns en genetisk predisponering hos vissa hundraser. Mastceller härstammar från hematopoetiska stamceller.

Regionalisation has become an increasingly important phenomenon in a globalized world. As models of regional integration, the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are two prominent examples. This thesis seeks to explore through a comparative analysis, the different Mechanisms and institutions for handling breaches against fundamental values within the two regional organizations. Inter-linked with the issue of the legal-institutional framework is that of what values the Mechanisms are designed to protect. The method used for the analysis is first and foremost that of public international and European law, but the thesis also attempts to give a broader picture of the issues presented.

SammanfattningFör att vända den globala uppvärmningen grundlades i Kyotoprotokollet tre marknadsmekanismer som syftar till att på olika sätt åstadkomma minskade utsläpp av vissa växthusga-ser. Den enda av dessa mekanismer som i nuläget är aktiv, är handeln med utsläppsrätter som hänför sig till utsläppen av koldioxid.Eftersom EU är part i Kyotoavtalet antog Europaparlamentet och Europeiska Unionens råd ett direktiv (2003/87/EG)(handelsdirektivet) för att uppnå de åtaganden som antagits i protokollet. Handelsdirektivet implementerades i svensk rätt genom lag (2004:1199) om handel med utsläppsrätter. Innehavet av en utsläppsrätt medför en rätt att släppa ut ett ton koldioxid. Enligt handelsdirektivet skall 95 % av utsläppsrätterna delas ut gratis till utvalda företag med höga nivåer av utsläpp.