Penalty clauses is a term that can be put in an agreement and is an amount that shall be paid by a part of the agreement if they cause any damage to the other part by breaking the agreement. Penalty clauses have since around 100 years ago had a quite clear meaning in Sweden according to a lot of authors. These authors have the opinion that penalty clauses is an exclusive judgment of the compensation the victim has right to, that means that if the parties have put a lower amount in the clause the victim won?t get full coverage for the damages caused by the other party. That the penalty clause is an exclusive judgment of the victims right to compensation means that the victim doesn?t have the right to request other compensation above the compensation in the clause if nothing else is stated in the clause.A penalty clause may be viewed as a complement to compensation you get according to The Tort Liability Act (1972:206) where it is often difficult to obtain full compensation for damages when it is required that a number of conditions are to be met for damages deleted.

The communicator has a professional role which is relatively unspecified and hard to define. To work with communication can mean several different tasks, who also might vary between different types of organizations. The purpose with our study is to clarify the professional title communicator and its meaning. By applying a power perspective on the communicators experienced professional role in meaning to find out who has the power over the communication.     Our study is made of qualitative interviews with four professional communicators working in private organizations. We have used semi structured interviews in our study which means that we before we went through with the interviews defined themes which the interviews were built upon.

Analys av strid i bebyggelse mot Stephen Biddles teori om utfall av militära operationer då strid i bebyggelse idag är ett modernt forskningsämne där flera vetenskapliga discipliner bidrar till utvecklingen, samtidigt som 60- och 70 talets operationsanalyser kan anses förlegade, genomförs detta arbete i syfte att undersöka hur en teori påverkas då den tillämpas för att analysera strid i bebyggelse, som den inte var designad för. Stephen Biddle har i boken "Military Power" formulerat en teori om förhållandet mellan utfallet av militära operationer och de av honom viktigaste komponenterna för att förklara det: Tekniknivå, Numerär och Metod. Denna studie skall undersöka vilka utgångsvärden vid strid i bebyggelse som är så annorlunda, och på vilket sätt de skiljer sig, mot de i Stephen Biddles teori att den kan eller inte kan vara lämplig att tillämpa för analys av strid i bebyggelse. Inledningsvis beskrivs Biddles teori, därefter diskuteras de generella företeelser vid strid i bebyggelse mot teorins grundvärden och en fallstudie analyseras genom Biddles teori. Genom att fastställa vilka utgångsvärden som skiljer sig från teorin kan denna studie svara på om det är lämpligt eller inte att tillämpa Biddles teori vid analys av strid i bebyggelse.

During adolescence the teenager tries to become an independent individual, something that for many individuals can be experienced as"a hard time". In early childhood the individual was closely connected to the parents, but during adolescence friends and new contacts become more important. Studies in developmental psychology have most often adopted a parent-perspective, which is why a child-perspective is required. The aim of this study is therefore to measure the teenager's relationship with parents and friends and to look for possible correlations between these. As a means of measuring quality in the relationships, the IPPA, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, was used.

John A. Warden III är en av vår tids mest inflytelserika luftmaktsteoretiker och Wardens teori är vida omskriven och ligger till grund för flertalet undersökningar. Warden redogör själv för att teorin inte skall ses som en mall utan att det snarare är generella idéer och riktlinjer. Det gör att teorin går att applicera på många olika fall men det lämnar också utrymme för tolkning. Syftet med denna uppsatts är att undersöka ifall allmängiltigheten i Wardens teori gör att teorin tolkas olika.

Based on an analysis of the Swedish laws in the field of healthcare, the purpose of this essay in jurisprudence is to examine whether Sweden has a need to implement the new EU-resolution on abortion. The study is based upon legal sources such as official government reports (SOU) as well as words of an Act. The subject also deals with ethical standards and more community-oriented material, and texts from both these areas are also included. The Swedish laws in health care are extensive, but still put the patient first. Care givers are able to delegate their responsibility if it means good health care which is also a key word in the Swedish health care.

Titel:                                   Resursbaserad teori - Ett strategiskt verktyg för finansiell framgång?Författare:                         Ludwig Jonsson och Jens KarlssonHandledare:                      Jörgen Dahlgren och Jan Lindvall  Inledning:                          Strategiska beslut inom ett företag tillhör de absolut viktigaste besluten. Omvärldens karaktär används traditionellt som utgångspunkt inom ekonomisk teori vad gäller utformning av strategier och därigenom förklarande av god finansiell prestation. Utifrån detta är det intressant att utreda huruvida ett alternativt perspektiv, i form av resursbaserad teori, kan tänkas förklara ett företags finansiella framgång.Syfte:                                  Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida resursbaserad teori, i större utsträckning än ett ?outside-in?-perspektiv, kan förklara ett företags finansiella prestation.Metod:                               I studien har en kvalitativ metod och fallstudie använts.

The purpose of this paper has been to identify which modern search functions user of Smartphones are using, why just these functions are being used, and how they have affected the way users acquire information. Modern search functions in this paper means searches that are not based on text, i.e. ways to search for information by other means than writing something into a search field. To identify this, two studies were conducted, one with a questionnaire being distributed with the help of Google Docs through social networks, and one with four interviews with users of modern search functions for Smartphones. The study showed that even though 76 % of Smartphone users are aware of at least one modern search function, only 29% uses one on a regular basis.

Background: One of the largest direct selling companies Amway "AmericanWay", which has its foothold in the market economy by means of direct trade. This means that the marketing is in the form of a network made up of various individuals who work together to advertise the company on to various potential customers.Aim: The survey aims to study the factors that are affecting the company Amway's growth.Completion: The survey is based on analyzing the interviews. The authors have relied on the qualitative method, where they have focused on how growth has increased the company Amway.Results: The results of this study are that Amway gradually managed to establish themselves globally thanks to the quality of the products they sell in a functioning market. The study also shows that all member customers are satisfied with the goods they buy from ABO groups, and that Amway's structure is not based on a pyramid scheme..

This thesis investigates how inventory management is practiced at a Swedish sawmill company, how practice differs from theory in this field and how the company could make more use of this theory. To do this we have performed a study on relevant literature and compared our findings with a field study on Moelven Valåsen AB. Our analysis shows that a large gap between theory and practice exists. We identify several reasons to this, including some sector specific problems when calculating cost rate for timber inventories. Suggestions on solutions to these problems and an example of how a cost rate can be estimated with relatively simple means are presented.

Background: One of the largest direct selling companies Amway "AmericanWay", which has its foothold in the market economy by means of direct trade. This means that the marketing is in the form of a network made up of various individuals who work together to advertise the company on to various potential customers.Aim: The survey aims to study the factors that are affecting the company Amway's growth.Completion: The survey is based on analyzing the interviews. The authors have relied on the qualitative method, where they have focused on how growth has increased the company Amway.Results: The results of this study are that Amway gradually managed to establish themselves globally thanks to the quality of the products they sell in a functioning market. The study also shows that all member customers are satisfied with the goods they buy from ABO groups, and that Amway's structure is not based on a pyramid scheme..

This is a qualitative study of how 4 school teachers and 3 special educational teachers define the term ?pupil in need of special education?. They have each one been interviewed about this term, by the means of a semi-structured interview. Afterwards the collected information has been analyzed and seven major themes have been arranged out of them. From these themes it is possible to see that the term is hard to define, since the participants all believe that it should be decided by each individual case, if the pupil is in need of special education or not, and that the education in itself has to be relevant to the need, which means one cannot decide what special educational needs are, without a student who is in need of them.

Inledning : Postmodernismen har existerat i cirka 30 år och varit på den sociologiska agendan i drygt 20 år. Den har fått utstå omfattande kritik, men har också lockat många. Ofta framstår den postmoderna teorin som irrationalistisk och enbart kritisk, men om man utför en närmare granskning finner man en systematisk teori med positiva ansatser. Denna sida lyfts dock sällan fram, men har under de senaste 10 åren fått allt större fotfäste inom samhällsvetenskaperna, ibland under beteckningen postmodern teori, men minst lika ofta har den kallats vid andra namn. Att finna rötterna till den postmoderna teorin och se hur denna systematiska teori växer fram är därför viktigt för att förstå den samtida utvecklingen inom sociologisk teori.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att försöka frilägga de gemensamma nämnarna i den postmoderna teorin och på så vis kunna betrakta den som en rörelse med enhetlig grund och positiva förtecken.

To business owners and consumers electronic commerce means new conditions and possibilities. Often and specially at the Internet information between consumers and sellers is asymmetrically distributed. Among the consumers there is a shortage of confidence in electronic commerce. In order of a positive development of electronic commerce it´s important to find a solution to the shortage of confidence. Confidence may be created by legislation or by self- regulation.

In organizations today Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a common means to try to gain legitimacy and credibility for their business. A successful CSR strategy has the potential to generate positive outcomes for a company and reaching out to stakeholders about the corporation?s contribution in the field is an important part of the work. In this study I examine how the employees at Max Hamburgare receive the corporation?s efforts within sustainability, how it is perceived and what this means to the employees.