This Masters thesis work describes a comparison between two different methods for estimation of the down channel (base station to mobile subscriber) in Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). The first estimation method, Optimal Feed-forward Channel Estimation (OFCE), is a conventional method that bases the estimates on data that is known to both sender and receiver, so called pilots. The second method, Decision Directed Channel Estimation (DDCE), is an elaboration of OFCE. It also uses user data for estimation. Simulations show that DDCE, in comparison to OFCE, does not attain an improvement in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for high bit error rates (BER).

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka entreprenörskap i grundskoleundervisning då den nya skolreformen som infördes 2011 har detta som fokus. Reformen betonar att entreprenörskap ska främjas hos elever av alla åldrar med fokus på entreprenöriella kompetenser. Studien är kvalitativ och avser söka tecken på tendenser till ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda på två grundskolor. Studien avser även söka tecken på huruvida ett aktivt arbete med entreprenörskap i undervisningen resulterar i en större grad av entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. De intervjuer som utgör studiens empiriska grund är hämtade från en skola som aktivt arbetar med entreprenöriellt lärande samt en som ej har ett betonat arbete kring ämnet.

Syftet med studien var att förstå betydelsen och nyttan av slöjdämnet i grundskolanbetraktat genom elevers berättelser om ämnet.De frågeställningar som jag utgick ifrån var:· Vilken karaktär av kunskaper uttrycker eleverna att slöjdämnet leder till?· Vilken mening och nytta uppfattar eleverna att slöjdämnet har?Litteraturavsnittet tar upp slöjdämnets historia, tillkomst och förändring fram till dagenskursplan och läroplan. Vidare tas kunskapsbegreppet upp utifrån läroplanen, Aristotelesfilosofi samt Vygotskijs sociokulturella teori.Den andra delen av litteraturkapitlet behandlar slöjdämnets kompetenser såsompedagogisk process, kropp och kommunikation samt entreprenöriellt lärande.Elevers dagboksanteckningar samt deltagande observationer utgjorde data. Deslöjdkompetenser som eleverna gav uttryck för och som jag såg i mina observationervar entreprenöriell kompetens, kroppslig och kommunikativ kompetens,processkompetens samt en känsla av lust.Resultatet visade att den betydelse och nytta eleverna tillskriver slöjdämnet är desskaraktär av konkretion samt av engagemang och delaktighet.I diskussionen kopplas litteratur och resultat ihop med egna reflektioner. En av defrågor som studien bidrog till är hur och om de praktiska och estetiska ämnena kan sessom utgångspunkt för mer teoretiska ämnen? Mot bakgrund av studiens resultat kan detfinnas outnyttjade möjligheter att dra nytta av slöjdämnets fördelar inom andra ämnen..

In this essay, I have interviewed four pedagogues from three preschools whit different pedagogical purposes. The purpose was to find out how they work with mathematics outdoor. In addition to interviews, I have conducted observations at each preschool. The different preschools are one traditional, one Reggio Emilia and one ?all weather? (Friluftsfrämjandet) preschool.

Communication during the process of Environmental Impact Assessment: Interviews concerning three infrastructure projects Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a method to describe the possible impact of a planned project. The aim of such an assessment is to aid a sustainable development, by supplying a comprehensive basis for decision-making. Today there are many people working with EIA in different forms, representing both different interests within the community, as well as having different individual points of view. The proponent is responsible for the EIA, but it is of interest to study the relationship between the different participants who are involved in this process. The aim of this report is to study how the different disciplines involved have communicated with each other and amongst themselves, what characterises good communication, and if anything should be improved.

Diagnosis means detection and isolation of faults. A model based diagnosis system is built on a mathematical model of the system. The difficulty when constructing the diagnosis system depends om how the model is formulated. In this report, a method is described that rewrites the model on such a form that the construction of the diagnosis algoritm is easy. The model is transformed by two state space transformations and the result will be a system on state space form where one part of the system becomes easy to supervise.

This Masters thesis work describes a comparison between two different methods for estimation of the down channel (base station to mobile subscriber) in Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). The first estimation method, Optimal Feed-forward Channel Estimation (OFCE), is a conventional method that bases the estimates on data that is known to both sender and receiver, so called pilots. The second method, Decision Directed Channel Estimation (DDCE), is an elaboration of OFCE. It also uses user data for estimation. Simulations show that DDCE, in comparison to OFCE, does not attain an improvement in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for high bit error rates (BER). An improvement is only seen when the BER becomes much lower than what is common in real situations. In conclusion DDCE is complicated, involves many mathematical operations and gives insignificant improvement of SNR when BER takes common values. It is legitimate to question if it is possible to use the method in a real mobile phone system..

Studiens syfte är dels att undersöka vilken förståelse för matematik ur ett samhällsperspektiv som elever på en mellansvensk kommunal gymnasieskola har, utifrån den beskrivning av ämnet som finns i de svenska styrdokumenten. Syftet är också att undersöka vilken inställning till ämnet eleverna har, hur attityden påverkas av vänner och familj, samt vilken betydelse media har i synen på matematik.Studien bygger på en enkätundersökning där 130 respondenters svar har behandlats. Genomgående i analysen har gruppen med elever som läser ett yrkesinriktat program jämförts med de elever som studerar på ett mer teoretiskt inriktat program.Resulatet visar att elevernas förståelse för matematikens roll i samhället är fullt acceptabel, men att det är få som nått ett fördjuad insikt. En klar majoritet anser att de förstår syftet med matematikundervisningen.Trots att en dryg trejedel tycker att matematik är det viktigaste ämnet så finner cirka hälften inget intresse för ämnet. En sjundedel säger sig t.o.m.

This study is based on my work as a teacher of Swedish language and literature to upper secondary school students, and my interest in developing the teaching of literature by using both new criticism theories and theories of literary perception focusing on reader response. The purpose of the study is to examine the learning process in trying to develop literary competence and to find out how to describe the competence shown by the students. My starting-point is a discussion about literary competence and the theory and model of literary competence by Örjan Torell. In examining literary competence, by how students use their constitutional competence as well as performance and literary transfer competences, Torell´s model shows the possibility and the need for both knowledge of literature and personal reception by focusing on the dialogue between author and reader.The method is qualitative and the empirics are material collected in one senior high school class in the Social Science programme during their second and third year. The material contains written reading logs, written answers to tasks and transcribed recordings of discussions of literature.The analysis shows a variety among the literary competence shown and developed by the students and points to the complexity of understanding the concept of literary competence.

Skiascopy is used to objectively determine the refractive power of the eye. Except for a Swedish study in 2007, where 93 horses of different breeds and ages were examined with respect to their refractive status, most studies on equine refraction were published about one century ago or more. The objective of this study is to examine the refractive status of healthy warm-blooded trotting horses. Skiascopy was performed in 117 horses in total, aged 3 days to approximately 22 years old. In a pilot study, it was determined whether young horses were able to accommodate or not during skiascopy. The horses in the pilot study were all younger than 14 months. In foals younger than 1,5 months we saw a significant difference in the skiascopy result in the right eyes before and after topical atropine was instilled, but not in the left eye.

This study is based on my work as a teacher of Swedish language and literature to upper secondary school students, and my interest in developing the teaching of literature by using both new criticism theories and theories of literary perception focusing on reader response. The purpose of the study is to examine the learning process in trying to develop literary competence and to find out how to describe the competence shown by the students. My starting-point is a discussion about literary competence and the theory and model of literary competence by Örjan Torell. In examining literary competence, by how students use their constitutional competence as well as performance and literary transfer competences, Torell´s model shows the possibility and the need for both knowledge of literature and personal reception by focusing on the dialogue between author and reader.The method is qualitative and the empirics are material collected in one senior high school class in the Social Science programme during their second and third year. The material contains written reading logs, written answers to tasks and transcribed recordings of discussions of literature.The analysis shows a variety among the literary competence shown and developed by the students and points to the complexity of understanding the concept of literary competence.

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to understand how teachers/pedagogues nowadays work with mathematics in school. In what way can they pin point the difficulties a pupil with another language might have with mathematics.I started the process of this investigation by reading litterature on the subject. Then I did interviews with several teachers and pedagogues teaching in different schools with children at different ages.The results found in my investegation pointed to a lack of practical work with mathematics especially in classroom and revealed from the teachers a strong desire to work with mathematics in different ways.?Talking maths? with pupils in class will help them understand the subject better. Several teachers are of the opinion that the pupils will reach the goals in school with this method.The teachers are also aware of the importance of having practical mathematics.

Symboler har alltid varit en viktig del av matematik, därför är det inte konstigt att kunskaperom symbolspråket behövs för att uppnå en full förståelse av ämnet. Den här studiensyftar därför på att utreda användningen av det symboliska språket i den svenska gymnasialaundervisningen ur ett språkvetenskapligt perspektiv. Empirin till det här arbetetbestår av 52 elevlösningar till ett test i matematik samt transkribering av en parintervju.Det insamlade materialet har analyserats utifrån teorier om den metalingvistiska medvetenhetensamt symbolernas semiotiska och epistemologiska funktioner. Det matematiskasymbolspråkets roll i styrdokumenten har också belysts i det här arbetet. Från elevernasfel i testet var det möjligt att åskådliggöra vikten av den metalingvistiska medvetenhetenoch den semiotiska medlingen i algebrainlärningen.

The purpose of this study was to explore students' and teachers' experiences of the new pedagogical teaching tool, interactive whiteboard, which have gained increased popularity and wide spread usage in the classrooms. An observation during a mathematical lecture was conducted as a pilot study prior to the main research method of phenomenology; based on students? self-descriptions and interviews with two teachers, this methodological approach was used to investigate the subject matter. The interpretation, comparison and analysis of the results surrounding this new teaching method is explained by two theories, constructivism and socio-cultural perspective. The information shared by the students and teachers have been broken down into four categories: enjoyment & interest, practical, insight and no different.

The aim of this bachelor-thesis is to study how the City Library in Norrköping, in collaboration with the outpatient centre, Gränden, has assisted people with substance abuse problems through a bibliotherapeutic reading circle known as, Människor mellan raderna (People between the lines). My theoretical framework is based upon Ruth M. Tews and Berth Danermark?s theories. Tew states that in order to create a well-functioning team consisting of various professional competences, each individual needs to possess certain character traits including the ability to contribute with their unique competence and an openness to receive and absorb the other participants? contributions.