The primary purpose of this thesis is to investigate the operation of membership criteria, which are applied against countries that wish to join the European Union (EU). More specifically, the importance of some criteria in comparison to others is considered. To answer this proposal, three questions are posed: What are the EU membership criteria? Are some criteria more important than other criteria? Does the EU treat candidate countries differently in applying the membership criteria? Three countries are used in this analysis, each country representing one recent enlargement round: Poland (2004), Romania (2007), and current candidate country Turkey. Both official documents, such as EU treaties, and unofficial documents such as statements from EU leaders are used to analyze the application of membership criteria.

IntroduktionDetta kartläggningsprojekt har sitt ursprung i det kliniska vardagsarbetet och sjuksköterskors önskan om att patienter, som på en thoraxkirurgisk klinik opereras för lungcancer, ska få sakkunnig och omsorgsfull vård.SyfteSyftet med denna studie är att kartlägga vilka behov och förväntningar som personer med lungcancer har inför en thoraxonkologisk operation samt vilken innebörden i personcentrerad vård är för dessa personer.MetodUrvalet kommer att bestå av 50 patienter som inkommer planerat för att opereras på grund av diagnostiserad/ misstänkt lungcancer. Patienterna kommer att opereras vid thoraxkirurgisk klinik på ett universitetssjukhus. Inklusionskriterier är att patienterna är i åldern 18-70 år och kan förstå svenska i tal och skrift. Datainsamling kommer att ske med hjälp av en enkät i två delar. I syfte att pröva enkätens användbarhet genomfördes en pilotstudie.

I Sverige idag finns det grovt uppskattat mellan 140 000-210 000 personer med Bipolärsjukdom eller Borderline personlighetsstörning (Bps). Mötet med dessa personer kan ibland vara svåra och komplicerade. Tanken med denna rapport är att läsaren skall få en teoretisk grund i vad diagnoserna innebär och hur man kan känna igen symtom. Utifrån denna teoretiska grund ska läsaren även få kunskap om hur bemötandet av personer med bipolär sjukdom eller Bps bör gå till för att undvika konflikt. Avsnittet om bemötande bygger på intervjuer av personal med erfarenhet från olika psykiatriavdelningar.

Utredningshemmet in Hässleholm, Sweden, is a special residential home for acute management and investigative evaluation of juvenile delinquents.Utredningshemmet has, since 1991, used an investigative model, which is based on systems theory. The investigative work is done in close co-operation with social workers, youths and their parents.This study takes into account the youths, who have had a commissioned placement to carry out an investigation of their needs of care and treatment, 71 juvenile delinquent cases. They are divided into three one year intervals: 17 cases in 1993, 28 cases in 1998 and 26 cases in 2003.The purpose of this evaluation is to illustrate changes in the social workers, parents and youth's level of satisfaction during the development of the special residential home's investigative model.Approximately one to three months after discharges social workers, youths and their parents completed a level of satisfaction questionnaire. The results demonstrate no significant difference in the level of satisfaction between different time periods. There are, however, differences in satisfaction levels between social workers, who have the highest level of satisfaction, parents, who have the next highest level and finally the youths level of satisfaction..

Renewable energy and the charging of electrical vehicles will increase in the future. Therefore the risk of outages is also increasing, partly because renewable energy is intermittent and the production amount can change fast. Charging electrical vehicles is often demanding high effect in short time, which could make faults occur. It takes more advanced technology to short the outage time. Today Övik Energi has high reliability in the power grid, but in order to maintain the reliability, it is time to prevent problems that can occur in the future. This thesis has presented a suggestion for the placement of fault detectors Protrol IPS2, in which a total of four detectors is proposed.

Postoperativt illamående drabbar en tredjedel av dem som genomgår en operation med generell an-estesi. En av riskfaktorerna för att drabbas av post-operativt illamående och kräkning (PONV) är att vara kvinna i fertil ålder, hos vilka det är tre gånger vanligare än hos män. PONV kräver ökad medici-nering och tillsyn av personal, vilket leder till ökade kostnader. Postoperativt illamående har troligtvis funnits sedan anestesin började användas i mitten av 1800-talet. Under åren som följt har säkrare me-toder för narkos utvecklats men problemet med postoperativt illamående förekommer fortfarande och har fått benämningen ?the big little problem? Postoperativt illamående är speciellt vanligt efter cancer mammae operationer, bukoperationer och gynekologiska ingrepp.

The combustion engines in today?s vehicles are getting more and more advanced and there are increasing demands on that the engines should operate during optimal conditions. Examples of internal combustion engine parameters which may be carefully controlled are the rate between fuel and air, that this gas mixture is homogenous enough and that it is ignited at the correct moment. Moreover, the requirements of these parameters vary depending on, among other, engine speed and load. To meet these requirements in all occurring operation conditions, it is required that many subsystems work together.

A clean and affordable energy source for cooking is deficient in developing countries. People rely on fuels that contribute to environmental, social and health problems.Biogas is an alternative energy source and an increased investment in small-scale biogas production can in several developing countries be found. Several projects have started to use the technology in developing countries because of the benefits with biogas. Some cases in the establishment of biogas plants have succeeded and some have not. The study is a literature review supplemented by two field studies.

This thesis work has been carried out at the consultant company Pöyry Sweden AB in Norrköping, whom performs the task for E.ON heating Sweden AB, Händelöverket in Norrköping. The report shows methods to manufacture slurry consisting of fly ash and water. The slurry shall be pumped into several former oil storage rock shelters that E.ON has put into operation for the specific purpose. The ash mixture also develops hydrogen gas in contact with water.The work has aimed to produce different suggestions of methods and equipment that can be used for the objective. Mixing method and security issues were in centre while working with the suggestions.

Pappans närvaro under förlossning har ökat de senaste åren. Vid förlossning förväntas de spela en aktiv roll i form av stöd för kvinnan. Många män är inte beredda på att en normal förlossning hastigt kan behöva slutas med kejsarsnitt. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på och beskriva pappors upplevelser av akut kejsarsnitt. För att få fram pappors upplevelse användes en fenomenologisk forskningsmetod i form av kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer.

Ear piercing performed in hairdressing salons and jewellery shops using a piercing gun has been set aside from the obligation to notify the local environmental and public health authorities, due to the use of disposable cassette with the piercing gun. According to the Swedish environmental code each practitioner are required to prevent any health hazards arisen from the operation. Local bacterial infection is the most frequent complication associated with the ear piercing procedure and to prevent the potential risk of such an event, hygiene conditions in both the premises and in procedures are essential. The purpose of the report was to examine the presence of ear piercing practitioners in Umeå and their current hygiene conditions. The study consisted of interviews with employees and managers on site whose answers was evaluated and compared to the general recommendations of The National Board of Health and Welfare.

This essay examines the policy process of specialist medical training in three Swedish counties. The essay will first describe the policy process. Secondly the politicians parti-cipating in the process is examined. Thirdly, it is tested whether it is possible to analyze the policy process based on Ostrom's theories of cooperation around a common pool resource. In this case, the common pool resource is specialized medical practitioners skills that the Swedish county councils must collaborate on to competence should be sufficient for the county council needs, something that is not the case today.One conclusion of the study is that the health care law is not clear enough when it comes to who is responsible for providing a sufficient number of specialists.

Bakgrund: Föräldrar vars barn ska genomgå anestesi och operation önskar stödja barnet på bästa sätt inför detta. Samtidigt är de själva ofta oroliga. Oro hos föräldrar och oro hos barn tycks hänga samman, likväl som en lugn förälder tycks kunna vara till hjälp för ett oroligt barn. Syfte: Att belysa vad anestesisjuksköterskan kan bidra med för att svara an till föräldrars önskan att vara till stöd för sitt barn under den pre- och intraoperativa perioden, och därmed främja hälsa och välbefinnande hos dem båda. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats.

1996 beslutade riksdagen att utöka beredskapspolisorganisationen med en ?särskild beredskapspolis?. Denna skulle ha bättre utbildning och utrustning än den tidigare beredskapspolisen och även kunna användas till polisiära uppgifter i fredstid. Sedan 1 januari 2002 finns därför 1500 särskilda beredskapspoliser utbildade och placerade vid polismyndigheterna runt om i Sverige. Särskilda beredskapspolisens uppgifter är att delta i polisverksamhet som syftar till befolkningsskydd och räddningstjänst.

The Swedish Armed Forces is a public institution and consequently obliged to follow Swedish and international legislation. Thus, they are subjected to contrarious demands from different actors operating in its high-technological and high-institutional environment: to be a legitimate institution and at the same time operate with a high level of efficiency. This thesis is conducted with the aim of investigating whether The Swedish Armed Forces' steering document for gender equality is used to achieve visible and quantifiable results or if the document constitute a medium for reverberating legitimacy. To answer the research question, we applied a critical discourse analysis on the relevant documents and on the conducted semi-constructed interviews with members from different levels and positions in the organizational hierarchy. Subsequently, we came to the conclusion that the Swedish Armed Forces manage the demands for efficiency and legitimacy, which are forced upon them from the technological and institutional environment, by talking about them.