The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the plaintiffs and the defendant?s prospects to change their claims and pleas in optional civil actions and how the rules for the modifications of a suit are affecting the framework of the process. The plaintiff's general ability to expand and alter the claim is found in the chapter 13, 3 § of the Act of Procedure and the basic principle is that a claim is not to be changed. From this basic principle exceptions are allowed to claim another fulfillment or to expand the process with a claim for interest or other additional obligations. The plaintiff can also limit his or her claim or expand the claim with new legal foundations as long as the issue of the process does not change.

I forskningsprojektet undersöktes hur fem högutbildade utlandsfödda kvinnor har kommit in på arbetsmarknaden och fått ett arbete utifrån sin kompetens. I studien presenteras resultat om hur dessa utlandsfödda kvinnor i egenskap av bland annat ett feministiskt synsätt och utifrån sin egen förmåga har kommit in på arbetsmarknaden. Hinder och framgång som kvinnorna upplever i sin yrkesverksamhet beskrivs i studien. Denna kvalitativa studie genomfördes med e-metodologi, en sammankoppling av den fysiska och den elektroniska världen.  .

Immateriella tillgångar har blivit allt viktigare i en globaliserad värld med stora företag som investerar och agerar i olika länder. En viktig immateriell tillgång är varumärken. För att kunna värdera ett varumärkes värde finns det flera finansiella metoder. En ny standard, ISO 10668 Requirements for monetary brand valuation, utgavs av ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1 september 2010. Syftet med denna standard är att på ett tillförlitligt sätt kunna värdera varumärken under sin uppbyggnad, vid eventuella tvister samt vid ett företagsförvärv.

This master?s thesis will examine the concept of ?fixed establishment? in VAT-law. The concept can be found in the new EC-directive on the common system of value added tax, however it has existed for thirty years in previous directives. Despite this, the legislator has never provided a proper definition of the concept. Its meaning has therefore evolved through the case-law of the ECJ.The Court has put forward a number of criteria which are all to be met if a fixed establishment is to be at hand.

The Slovak Language Law was adopted by the Slovak parlament in June 2009 and it becomea target for a lot of protests both outside and inside Slovakia. The Hungarian minority inSlovakia thought they were discriminated and therefore protested against the Language Law.The relations between Slovakia and Hungary are complicated and could have an impact on the discussion regarding the Language Law.The thesis is about the discussion that was raised in the Slovak media, in the thesisrepresented by some of the biggest newspapers in Slovakia, Pravda and SME..

It is clear that media advertising is one of the crucial marketing tools for companies in order to promote their products and services. As we are moving towards more and more economic integration, both on a regional and global scale, the question about standardisation of media advertising has become increasingly important and is nowadays subject to discussion in most international companies. This thesis deals with the issue of standardisation in a region where the process of political, legal and especially economic integration is taking its course, but where cultural and linguistic diversity is still a remaining fact: Europe. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the potential gains from a standardised advertising approach but also to identify its limitations. Especially on a market place like Europe, with its diverse cultural and linguistic background, a fully standardised approach might be difficult to implement.

Rules for damages that are effective are important to create legal security and a public procurement that fulfil economic effectivity. Those rules are effectivly created for example when the demand of evidence is possible for the damaged supplier to fulfil. Yet the rules cannot be too low without leading to an uncertain procurement for the public purchaser. Thus one have to balance the interests of a public purchaser against the interests of a damaged supplier. This balance leads to a public procurement involving rules of damages where the public purchaser cannot escape duty of damages just because the demand of evidence is too hard to fulfil..

This essay shows how administrators in two different organizations are experiencing freedom of action in their work situation. The essay is made based on a qualitative method and interviews were used to implement the study. People chosen for this study are four administrators at a governmentagency - the Social Insurance agency, and four municipal officers from different Social service offices in southern Sweden. The theoretical framework consists of Weber's theory of bureaucracy, and his discussion of the legal authority. The analysis is designed as adiscussion of the parts that were especially prominent during the interviews.

This master thesis has three purposes. The first purpose is to give a theoretical background of how to divide up forest estates and to study how the legal system for these matters works. A literature study has been carried out to give the background and a theoretical model has been made for analysing the law cases. The first purpose also partly touched the decision process in dividing up forest estates from point of view of the law of land parcelling (FBL), point of view. The second purpose is to examine effects of a change of production requirements in 3 cap.7 § FBL as regards dividing up forest estates of private forest owners.

The purpose of the essay has been to clarify why and how small companies, whose major resource is knowledge, establish strategic alliances and which opportunities it brings. We have increased our understanding for the concept of strategic alliances through empirical search and through well-known scientist work. The method, which has been used in the essay, is principally qualitative interviews and gathering secondary data from articles from well-known authors. Our study has given that we have found that entering strategic alliances can make growth and by that way create competitive advantages for the company in question. We also found that there are risks with strategic alliances and the company can protect themselves by legal actions.

The aim of this study about post-conflict economic, social and political reintegration of ex-combatants is to understand how such a process should be prepared for in order to help as many traumatized and sometimes destructive or disabled soldiers as possible to re-establish themselves as functioning civilians as well as preparing communities for their return. In order to do this I have focused on Africa and in particular the DDR-process of post war Sierra Leone. My study concludes that the relation between ex-combatants and civilians and the prospect of a positive future are crucial to a successful reintegration process..

Skogen är den viktigaste exportvaran för Svensk ekonomi. I de norra delarna av Sverige har många sågverk tvingats att lägga ned sin verksamhet det senaste decenniet. Vi har undersökt de tre kvarvarande sågverken i Arvidsjaursområdet, för att se vilka faktorer som har gjort att de överlevt. Vi har använt oss av Property-Rights-teorin vars ena grundtes framhåller att ?om inte jag utnyttjar resursen kommer någon annan att göra det utan hänsyn till mig?.

In Sweden we have a regulated gambling market which means that there are three gambling companies who are operating under the supervision of the Swedish state. These companies have exclusive rights to the Swedish market, divided between them. AB Svenska Spel is one of them and they control all gambling concerning sporting events and the four casinos in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö and Sundsvall. However, since a few years back several Internet-based companies have entered the Swedish market and the competition has become even fiercer in the last years. Due to numerous marketing restrictions the Internet companies have been forced to find new ways to strengthen their brand.

With the development of the Internet, illegal copying of electronic documents has become a growing problem. There is an increasing need of prevention in the field of pirate copying. One method is to mark the document by changing some of the words to synonyms. In this way it is possible to construct legal copies which do not differ in content but still are unique. Since the copies of the documents are unique, it is possible to trace the owner of a document and accordingly call him or her to account for pirate copying if several exactly similar copies are reaching the market.

SammanfattningSambolagstiftningen i Sverige har till syfte att skydda den svagare parten när samboförhållandet avslutas på grund av antingen separation eller att den ena sambon avlider. Det är en minimilagstiftning där lagstiftaren ansett det viktigt att sambolagen undviker att närma sig regleringen av äktenskap och på så vis bli en äktenskapsliknande samlevnadsform av lägre dignitet. För att reglera sitt förhållande på de punkter där lagstiftningen brister eller samborna önskar en annan utgång än vad sambolagen erbjuder är sambor hänvisade till att avtala.     Familjebildningen har sedan 60-talet genomgått en stor förändring där äktenskap fortfarande är den dominerande samlevnadsformen men är inte längre det enda och självklara valet. Antalet samboförhållanden ökar, samtidigt som en del av de bakomliggande tankarna kring regleringen i sambolagen kan anses föråldrade.     Till följd av att samboförhållanden blir vanligare kommer det här arbetet att behandla sambolagstiftningens förhållande till arvs- och testamentsrätt som är en av de punkter där sambolagstiftningen skiljer sig avsevärt från regleringen av äktenskap. Vid den ena sambons bortgång har efterlevande sambo ingen legal arvsrätt.