During the autumn of 2008 I obtained office experience by working at the local government of Örnsköldsvik. I started working on the district green plan of the green structure and that led to the work of this exam paper. The purpose of this exam paper has been to define some standpoints for the green structure of the local government district of Örnsköldsvik. I have used both a larger and a smaller scale to obtain a wide a perspective as possible of the green structure. The larger scale gives an overall view of the whole municipality while the smaller scale is found in the study of the two local areas Centrum and Domsjö. For the local government planning to be able to obtain an agreeable level of verdure to the residents it is necessary that the green structure is brought up on the agenda.

The characteristic of services as an effort carried out in a "moment of truth" implies a risk for failures. This study sheds new light on how alternative offerings that customers are initially exposed to can affect satisfaction and loyalty in the service failure and recovery context. More specifically, two aspects of the initial offering are studied: promised general service quality and the presence of a promise about a specific product attribute. Based on a presentation of the main theoretical perspectives, hypotheses are formulated and a scenario-based experiment in a hotel setting is designed to explore these. The results indicate that a higher level of promised service quality can result in more positive evaluations of satisfaction and stronger word-of-mouth intentions than for a lower level of promised service quality.

This study focuses on the transfer between a product-oriented to a service-oriented perspective regarding marketing activities in companies due to the development of information technology. It illustrates how this very transfer has been, and can be, contemplated through the eyes of organizations working with marketing in a digital world on a daily basis. Technology has turned several industries - their price-setting, communication channels and supplying possiblities - upside-down. This turnpoint brings out a new way of observing and working with marketing. Therefore, we find it interesting to gain a better understanding of how actors within industries where the turnpoint is a fact observes marketing, and how this service perspective can be seen in their various organizations and daily.

Sedan Internet förändrade hur världen kommunicerar har den teknologiska utvecklingen i dess kölvatten och i synnerhet de sociala medierna inneburit ett paradigmskifte i vår vardagliga kommunikativa verklighet. Även organisationer har hakat på utvecklingen. Men för många råder ovisshet om hur sociala medier påverkar deras verksamhet. I synnerhet våra svenska myndigheter som har att förhålla sig till offentlighetsprincip, yttrandefrihet och ett genomgående medborgarperspektiv. Mot denna bakgrund ville vi undersöka hur sociala medier påverkar arbetet med samhällskommunikation inom en kommunal förvaltning.

Author Cocitation Analysis (ACA), multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Social Network Analysis (SNA), has been used to analyze and visualize the invisible college of the journal European Union Politics. The concept invisible college was first introduced in the fifteenth century, through the creation of the ?the Royal Society of London?, and it was reintroduced in the 1960:ies and the 1970:ies by scholars such as Price and Crane. It is said to have been interpreted in as many ways as there are authors who have used it. Here it has been used synonymously with the term citation network.

This thesis is a systematic review of the Swedish healthcare and hospital-library?s authorities on the consumer health information. The goal is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses that are inherited in two professions (medical and LiS) with two completely different perspectives on mediating information.The method used is a mix between conceptual analysis of the Swedish term ?patient information? and a Critical conceptual analysis, according to Fairclough, of published native theses and international professional journals.Conclusion of the thesis is that although the nursing and medical staff has the necessary medical expertise it does not, in many cases have either the time or skill to completely satisfy a patient or his/her next of kin´s information needs when exposed in a uneasy situation as when in need of treatment or help in any kind.The hospital librarian on the other hand does have the intermediating skills and most often the time to explain complex treatments or medical procedures, but the lack in medical or nursing expertise.In a perfect setting there is an inter-professional cooperation which brings a lot of positive results. The problem today is often to overcome the gap in awareness of one and other that exists in a modern Swedish hospital..

This study elucidates the perceptions of twelve people at an age between 35 and 50 years, on what influence intoxication and drunkenness in the bar environment. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of the effect the intoxication has on the visitor in the bar environment and this is done through qualitative method interviews. The theoretical frame we use to analyse the empirical data, is divided in to four parts: set and setting, environment and its regions, social behaviour and genus perspective. The theoretical material, together with the empirical data in the form of the results of the interviews, forms the platform for this paper. It is on the basis of these results that our questions finally will be answered.

Det a?r inte la?ngre en fra?ga om huruvida en organisation kommer att drabbas av en kris, utan det a?r snarare fra?gan om na?r. Det har skett en utveckling inom diskursen fo?r kriskommunikation. Fokus ligger nu vid hur organisationer fo?rebygger och fo?rbereder fo?r dessa extraordina?ra ha?ndelser snarare a?n att reagera na?r krisen va?l har intra?ffat.Denna studie syftar till att vidga diskursen inom krishantering i en svensk kontext genom att underso?ka svenska myndigheter och deras fo?rma?ga att vara proaktiva na?r det ga?ller krishantering, det vill sa?ga arbeta redan fo?re en kris.

Coaching är ett verktyg som används för att ta någon annan från ett nutida läge till att nå ett framtida mål, utöka sina potentialer och utvecklas som person. Studiens syfte var att genom en kvalitativ ansats undersöka olika aspekter av coaching som resulterat i ett givande resultat för den enskilda individen. Syftet var även att undersöka vilka problem deltagarna stötte på i processen samt coachens roll. Åtta personer intervjuades och resultatet visar att de tyckte att coachingen resulterat i förbättrad självkänsla och självkännedom, ett förändrat tankesätt och en tydligare målbild. Relationen till coachen upplevdes betydande i form av stöd och feedback i processen.

Syftet med arbetet är att söka förstå och beskriva hur formgivare förhåller sig till begreppet hållbar utveckling och hur det påverkar val och riktningar i formgivningsprocessen. Som formgivare finns det skäl att ifrågasätta motiven till nyproduktion i en tid då konsumtion och produktion ökar, samtidigt som miljöhot, ekonomiska och sociala orättvisor är påtagliga. Hållbar utveckling är målsättningen för Förenta nationernas globala arbete och handlingsplan Agenda 21. Svensk lagstiftning har sedan 1999 hållbar utveckling som målsättning i den så kallade Miljöbalken.Genom att intervjua tre formgivare om deras förhållningssätt till begreppet hållbar utveckling och ringa in yttre villkor för hållbar utveckling söktes syftet uppnås. Resultatet visar att begreppet rör sig i många olika former och det uppfattas personligt.

With the rise of the internet especially and information- and communication technology in general, the opportunities for fast and effective communication and sharing of information have proliferated. In relation to the new technologies, the citizens? demands on organizations? communicative efforts have increased. Today?s citizens have high standards regarding transparency, the opportunity to dialogue and have hopes to influence the public sector.

Syfte:Syfte är att undersöka hur dagens medieanvändares krav på hur myndigheterna informerar har förändrats. Detta kommer att undersökas i en fallstudie om hur Trafikverkets formella strategi fungerar vid en operativ störning på järnvägen.Frågeställningar:Vid en operativ störning på järnvägen - vilka medier använder sig allmänheten av för att få information?Hur arbetar Trafikverket strategiskt med att förmedla information till allmänheten vid en operativ störning på järnvägen?Teori: González-Herrero & Smiths teori om hur den internetbaserade teknologin förändrar hur företag hanterar kriser och Ki och Nekmats teorier kring sina forskningsresultat om kriskommunikation på Facebook.Metod: En kvantitativ metod genom en enkät, en kvalitativ metod genom en intervju med Viktor, kundtjänsthandläggare på Trafikverket och sedan en jämförelse med Trafikverkets riktlinjer Trafikverkets närvaro i sociala medier och Hantering av Trafikverkets sociala kanaler.Materialet:Resultatet av enkäten och intervjun samt Trafikverkets riktlinjer.Resultat:I dagens samhälle vill medelanvändarna få snabb, enkel och effektiv information. Internet innehåller så omfattande information att det är omöjligt att ta del av allting, därför söker användarna invidanpassad information. Medieutvecklingen har gjort det möjligt för medieanvändarna att få information utan att behöva söka upp den, exempelvis genom appar.

The aim of this paper is to compare subject headings by the authors of the work and those administrated by professional indexers. The empirical setting for the study lies within the sociological discipline. The questions asked are:? What overall similarities and differences between subject headings administrated by authors versus indexers can we find?? What qualitative advantages and disadvantages can we establish between subject headings generated by natural language versus controlled vocabularies?Subject headings in the Swedish national library catalogue Libris and in five Swedish universities platforms for academic publishing are studied and compared. Today it is praxis at Swedish universities that administration of subject headings is done by authors and not by professional indexers.

The value of a good reputation for organizations is increasing today as consumers and citizens become more aware of brands. If a crisis hits an organization, there is now more to lose than before concerning reputation. Therefore the organization?s communication strategies must be developed to sustain the organization?s reputation during and after a crisis.In the field of crisis communication there are two distinguished theories which concern what an organization with help from crisis communication should do to undergo a crisis without losing its reputation. These theories are image repair theory and situational crisis communication theory (SCCT).

The Swedish and Icelandic women's movements, the Support Stockings and the Women's Alliance both had the goal to change their nation's women politics. The goal was to increase the low representation of women in their parliaments and to highlight women issues on the political agenda. The essay shows that the most important reason behind the will to form a party, was a new issue being disregarded by existing parties, although there is a considerable interest concerning the issue amongst society. While a party was formed on Iceland the Swedish equivalence did not occur. Even though only one party was formed, both movements achieved the same results.